Dear Student,
Thank you for your interest in Computer Networking Center. We are committed to providing you the highest quality training at an affordable price and we been doing so for the last 10 years. If you are looking to make a lifetime career change, increase your salary, become more marketable or find more excitement in your workday, CNC is the right choice for you. Our classroom instructors do not just show you slides and read from a book. Computer Networking Center recognizes the importance of practical training. That is why we have designed our training to be “Hands-on” as much as possible. Computer Networking Center wants you to be more than just paper certified for A+ PC Technician, Network +, Security +, Linux +, MCSE(A), CCNA, MOS, and Web Design. We want you to have practical “Hands-on” experience so you can function properly in the real work environment. We will provide you with the lab training, which will be worth at least one-year of field experience. Here are a few of the many benefits of our unique programs:
Seminars with our Certified Instructors and Networking Specialists who have years of proven practical experience.
Real Hands-on experience on different operating systems including Windows 95/98/NT/2000/2003/XP, & Vista Linux, and Novell NetWare.
Windows Computer Based Training (CBT) and third party simulation exams.
Full-Time Instructors with work experience.
FREE Technical Support is provided for students up to 6 months. This is kind of our guarantee to help you get a job and improve your career.
Our goal is to help you learn the state of the art technologies in Networking, and prepare you for the proficiency exams all at an affordable rate. We believe there are a lot of people who want to upgrade themselves, but the expensive training cost is not affordable for most people. We want to help students accomplish their ambition and build their future. If you don’t want to lose this opportunity, call now and reserve a seat for yourself.
If you have any questions or if you want to visit our office, please feel free to call me at 734-462-2090. Thank you again for your interest in Computer Networking Center.
Sincerely
CNC Staff
Source: www.computernetworkingcenter.com
Showing posts with label Networking. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Networking. Show all posts
Sunday, November 8, 2009
Peer to Peer File Sharing - P2P Networking
Peer-to-peer (P2P) networking eliminates the need for central servers, allowing all computers to communicate and share resources as equals. Music file sharing, instant messaging and other popular network applications rely on P2P technology.
Source: compnetworking.about.com/od/p2ppeertopeer/Peer_to_Peer_File_Sharing_P2P_Networking.htm
Source: compnetworking.about.com/od/p2ppeertopeer/Peer_to_Peer_File_Sharing_P2P_Networking.htm
Bluetooth Wireless Technology
Bluetooth is a specification for using low-power radio technology to link phones and computers over short distances without wires. Learn about Bluetooth technology to network cell phones, PDAs, and computer peripherals.
Source: compnetworking.about.com/od/bluetooth/Bluetooth_Wireless_Technology.htm
Source: compnetworking.about.com/od/bluetooth/Bluetooth_Wireless_Technology.htm
VPN - Virtual Private Networking
VPN solutions support remote access and private data communications over public networks as a cheaper alternative to leased lines. VPN clients communicate with VPN servers utilizing a number of specialized protocols.
Source: compnetworking.about.com/od/vpn/VPN_Virtual_Private_Networking.htm
Source: compnetworking.about.com/od/vpn/VPN_Virtual_Private_Networking.htm
New Home Network Technology
New Home Network Technology
New developments in home networks affect more than just home offices and entertainment systems. Some of the most exciting advances are in healthcare and housing.
In healthcare, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) let doctors monitor patients wirelessly. Patients wear wireless sensors that transmit data through specialized channels. These signals contain information about vital signs, body functions, patient behavior and their environments. In the case of an unusual data transmission -- like a sudden spike in blood pressure or a report that an active patient has become suddenly still -- an emergency channel picks up the signal and sends medical services to the patient's home.
The housing industry is another important field for home network technology development. Bill Gates owns one of the few smart houses in existence, but someday, we might all live in one. A smart house is a fully networked structure with functions that can be controlled from a central computer, making it an ideal technology for homeowners who travel frequently or for homeowners who simply want it all.
Builders are beginning to offer home network options for their customers that range from the primitive -- installing Ethernet cables in the walls -- to the cutting-edge -- managing the ambient temperature from a laptop hundreds of miles from home. In one trial experiment called Laundry Time, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard, Panasonic, Proctor & Gamble and Whirlpool demonstrated the power of interfacing home appliances. The experiment networked a washing machine and clothes dryer with a TV, PC and cell phone. This unheard-of combination of networked devices let homeowners know when their laundry loads were finished washing or drying by sending alerts to their TV screens, instant messaging systems or cell phones. Research and development also continues for systems that perform a wide variety of functions -- data and voice recognition might change the way we enter, exit and secure our homes, while service appliances could prepare our food, control indoor temperatures and keep our homes clean.
This technology is promising, but it's not quite ready for the consumer market yet. The average consumer can't afford a WSN or a smart house, and if he could, there's a good chance he or she wouldn't be able to operate these sophisticated systems. Another issue is security -- until developers find a way to secure these networks, consumers risk sharing medical information and leaving their homes open to attack.
Source: computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network4.htm
New developments in home networks affect more than just home offices and entertainment systems. Some of the most exciting advances are in healthcare and housing.
In healthcare, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) let doctors monitor patients wirelessly. Patients wear wireless sensors that transmit data through specialized channels. These signals contain information about vital signs, body functions, patient behavior and their environments. In the case of an unusual data transmission -- like a sudden spike in blood pressure or a report that an active patient has become suddenly still -- an emergency channel picks up the signal and sends medical services to the patient's home.
The housing industry is another important field for home network technology development. Bill Gates owns one of the few smart houses in existence, but someday, we might all live in one. A smart house is a fully networked structure with functions that can be controlled from a central computer, making it an ideal technology for homeowners who travel frequently or for homeowners who simply want it all.
Builders are beginning to offer home network options for their customers that range from the primitive -- installing Ethernet cables in the walls -- to the cutting-edge -- managing the ambient temperature from a laptop hundreds of miles from home. In one trial experiment called Laundry Time, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard, Panasonic, Proctor & Gamble and Whirlpool demonstrated the power of interfacing home appliances. The experiment networked a washing machine and clothes dryer with a TV, PC and cell phone. This unheard-of combination of networked devices let homeowners know when their laundry loads were finished washing or drying by sending alerts to their TV screens, instant messaging systems or cell phones. Research and development also continues for systems that perform a wide variety of functions -- data and voice recognition might change the way we enter, exit and secure our homes, while service appliances could prepare our food, control indoor temperatures and keep our homes clean.
This technology is promising, but it's not quite ready for the consumer market yet. The average consumer can't afford a WSN or a smart house, and if he could, there's a good chance he or she wouldn't be able to operate these sophisticated systems. Another issue is security -- until developers find a way to secure these networks, consumers risk sharing medical information and leaving their homes open to attack.
Source: computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network4.htm
Wireless Networks
The easiest, least expensive way to connect the computers in your home is to use a wireless network, which uses radio waves instead of wires. The absence of physical wires makes this kind of network very flexible. For example, you can move a laptop from room to room without fiddling with network cables and without losing your connection. The downside is that wireless connections are generally slower than Ethernet connections and they are less secure unless you take measures to protect your network.
If you want to build a wireless network, you'll need a wireless router. Signals from a wireless router extend about 100 feet (30.5 meters) in all directions, but walls can interrupt the signal. Depending on the size and shape of your home and the range of the router, you may need to purchase a range extender or repeater to get enough coverage.
You'll also need a wireless adapter in each computer you plan to connect to the network. You can add printers and other devices to the network as well. Some new models have built-in wireless communication capabilities, and you can use a wireless Ethernet bridge to add wireless capabilities to devices that don't. Any devices that use the Bluetooth standard can also connect easily to each other within a range of about 10 meters (32 feet), and most computers, printers, cell phones, home entertainment systems and other gadgets come installed with the technology.
If you decide to build a wireless network, you'll need to take steps to protect it -- you don't want your neighbors hitchhiking on your wireless signal. Wireless security options include:
Wired Equivalency Privacy (WEP)
WiFi Protected Access (WPA)
Media Access Control (MAC) address filtering
You can choose which method (or combination of methods) you want to use when you set up your wireless router. The IEEE has approved each of these security standards, but studies have proven that WEP can be broken into very easily. If you use WEP, you may consider adding Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) to your operating system. TKIP is a wrapper with backward compatibility, which means you can add it to your existing security option without interfering with its activity. Think of it like wrapping a bandage around a cut finger -- the bandage protects the finger without preventing it from carrying out its normal functions.
Source: computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network3.htm
If you want to build a wireless network, you'll need a wireless router. Signals from a wireless router extend about 100 feet (30.5 meters) in all directions, but walls can interrupt the signal. Depending on the size and shape of your home and the range of the router, you may need to purchase a range extender or repeater to get enough coverage.
You'll also need a wireless adapter in each computer you plan to connect to the network. You can add printers and other devices to the network as well. Some new models have built-in wireless communication capabilities, and you can use a wireless Ethernet bridge to add wireless capabilities to devices that don't. Any devices that use the Bluetooth standard can also connect easily to each other within a range of about 10 meters (32 feet), and most computers, printers, cell phones, home entertainment systems and other gadgets come installed with the technology.
If you decide to build a wireless network, you'll need to take steps to protect it -- you don't want your neighbors hitchhiking on your wireless signal. Wireless security options include:
Wired Equivalency Privacy (WEP)
WiFi Protected Access (WPA)
Media Access Control (MAC) address filtering
You can choose which method (or combination of methods) you want to use when you set up your wireless router. The IEEE has approved each of these security standards, but studies have proven that WEP can be broken into very easily. If you use WEP, you may consider adding Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) to your operating system. TKIP is a wrapper with backward compatibility, which means you can add it to your existing security option without interfering with its activity. Think of it like wrapping a bandage around a cut finger -- the bandage protects the finger without preventing it from carrying out its normal functions.
Source: computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network3.htm
Wired Networks
Ethernet and wireless networks each have advantages and disadvantages; depending on your needs, one may serve you better than the other. Wired networks provide users with plenty of security and the ability to move lots of data very quickly. Wired networks are typically faster than wireless networks, and they can be very affordable. However, the cost of Ethernet cable can add up -- the more computers on your network and the farther apart they are, the more expensive your network will be. In addition, unless you're building a new house and installing Ethernet cable in the walls, you'll be able to see the cables running from place to place around your home, and wires can greatly limit your mobility. A laptop owner, for example, won't be able to move around easily if his computer is tethered to the wall.
There are three basic systems people use to set up wired networks. An Ethernet system uses either a twisted copper-pair or coaxial-based transport system. The most commonly used cable for Ethernet is a category 5 unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable -- it's useful for businesses who want to connect several devices together, such as computers and printers, but it's bulky and expensive, making it less practical for home use. A phone line, on the other hand, simply uses existing phone wiring found in most homes, and can provide fast services such as DSL. Finally, broadband systems provide cable Internet and use the same type of coaxial cable that gives us cable television.
If you plan to connect only two computers, all you'll need is a network interface card (NIC) in each computer and a cable to run between them. If you want to connect several computers or other devices, you'll need an additional piece of equipment: an Ethernet router. You'll also need a cable to connect each computer or device to the router.
Once you have all of your equipment, all you need to do is install it and configure your computers so they can talk to one another. Exactly what you need to do depends on the type of network and your existing hardware. For example, if your computers came with network cards already installed, all you'll need to do is buy a router and cables and configure your computers to use them. Regardless of which type you select, the routers, adapters and other hardware you buy should come with complete setup instructions.
The steps you'll need to take to configure your computers will also vary based on your hardware and your operating system. User manuals usually provide the necessary information, and Web sites dedicated to specific operating systems often have helpful tips on getting several different computers to talk to each other.
Source: computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network2.htm
There are three basic systems people use to set up wired networks. An Ethernet system uses either a twisted copper-pair or coaxial-based transport system. The most commonly used cable for Ethernet is a category 5 unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable -- it's useful for businesses who want to connect several devices together, such as computers and printers, but it's bulky and expensive, making it less practical for home use. A phone line, on the other hand, simply uses existing phone wiring found in most homes, and can provide fast services such as DSL. Finally, broadband systems provide cable Internet and use the same type of coaxial cable that gives us cable television.
If you plan to connect only two computers, all you'll need is a network interface card (NIC) in each computer and a cable to run between them. If you want to connect several computers or other devices, you'll need an additional piece of equipment: an Ethernet router. You'll also need a cable to connect each computer or device to the router.
Once you have all of your equipment, all you need to do is install it and configure your computers so they can talk to one another. Exactly what you need to do depends on the type of network and your existing hardware. For example, if your computers came with network cards already installed, all you'll need to do is buy a router and cables and configure your computers to use them. Regardless of which type you select, the routers, adapters and other hardware you buy should come with complete setup instructions.
The steps you'll need to take to configure your computers will also vary based on your hardware and your operating system. User manuals usually provide the necessary information, and Web sites dedicated to specific operating systems often have helpful tips on getting several different computers to talk to each other.
Source: computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network2.htm
Building a Home Network
The two most popular home network types are wireless and Ethernet networks. In both of these types, the router does most of the work by directing the traffic between the connected devices. By connecting a router to your dial-up, DSL or cable modem, you can also allow multiple computers to share one connection to the Internet.
If you're going to connect your network to the Internet, you'll need a firewall. A firewall is simply a hardware device or software program that protects your network from malicious users and offensive Web sites, keeping hackers from accessing or destroying your data. Although they're essential for businesses looking to protect large amounts of information, they're just as necessary for someone setting up a home network, since a firewall will secure transactions that might include Social Security numbers, addresses, phone numbers and credit card numbers. Most routers combine wireless and Ethernet technology and also include a hardware firewall.
Many software firewalls installed onto your computer block all incoming information by default and prompt you for permission to allow the information to pass. In this way, a software firewall can learn which types of information you want to allow into your network. Symantec, McAfee and ZoneAlarm are popular companies that produce software-based firewalls. These companies usually offer some free firewall protection as well as advanced security that you can buy.
A router connects your computers to one another. If you connect it to your modem, it will also connect your network to the Internet.
Source:computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network1.htm
If you're going to connect your network to the Internet, you'll need a firewall. A firewall is simply a hardware device or software program that protects your network from malicious users and offensive Web sites, keeping hackers from accessing or destroying your data. Although they're essential for businesses looking to protect large amounts of information, they're just as necessary for someone setting up a home network, since a firewall will secure transactions that might include Social Security numbers, addresses, phone numbers and credit card numbers. Most routers combine wireless and Ethernet technology and also include a hardware firewall.
Many software firewalls installed onto your computer block all incoming information by default and prompt you for permission to allow the information to pass. In this way, a software firewall can learn which types of information you want to allow into your network. Symantec, McAfee and ZoneAlarm are popular companies that produce software-based firewalls. These companies usually offer some free firewall protection as well as advanced security that you can buy.
A router connects your computers to one another. If you connect it to your modem, it will also connect your network to the Internet.
Source:computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network1.htm
How Home Networking Works
Once, home networks were primarily the realm of technophiles -- most families either didn't need or couldn't afford more than one computer. But now, in addition to using computers for e-mail, people use them for schoolwork, shopping, instant messaging, downloading music and videos, and playing games. For many families, one computer is no longer enough to go around. In a household with multiple computers, a home network often becomes a necessity rather than a technical toy.
A home network is simply a method of allowing computers to communicate with one another. If you have two or more computers in your home, a network can let them share:
Files and documents
An Internet connection
Printers, print servers and scanners
Stereos, TVs and game systems
CD burners
The different network types use different hardware, but they all have the same essential components:
More than one computer
Hardware (such as a router) and software (either built in to the operating system or as a separate application) to coordinate the exchange of information
A path for the information to follow from one computer to another
Source:computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network.htm
A home network is simply a method of allowing computers to communicate with one another. If you have two or more computers in your home, a network can let them share:
Files and documents
An Internet connection
Printers, print servers and scanners
Stereos, TVs and game systems
CD burners
The different network types use different hardware, but they all have the same essential components:
More than one computer
Hardware (such as a router) and software (either built in to the operating system or as a separate application) to coordinate the exchange of information
A path for the information to follow from one computer to another
Source:computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network.htm
Computer Networking:
Vinton G. Cerf
Senior Vice President, Data Services Division
MCI Telecommunications Corporation
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The Internet Phenomenon
The Internet has gone from near-invisibility to near-ubiquity in little more than a year. In fact, though, today's multi-billion dollar industry in Internet hardware and software is the direct descendant of strategically-motivated fundamental research begun in the 1960s with federal sponsorship. A fertile mixture of high-risk ideas, stable research funding, visionary leadership, extraordinary grass-roots cooperation, and vigorous entrepreneurship has led to an emerging Global Information Infrastructure unlike anything that has ever existed.
Although not easy to estimate with accuracy, the 1994 data communications market approached roughly $15 billion/year if one includes private line data services ($9 billion/year), local area network and bridge/router equipment ($3 billion/year), wide area network services ($1 billion/year), electronic messaging and online services ($1 billion/year), and proprietary networking software and hardware ($1 billion/year). Some of these markets show annual growth rates in the 35-50% range, and the Internet itself has doubled in size each year since 1988.
As this article is written in 1995, the Internet encompasses an estimated 50,000 networks worldwide, about half of which are in the United States. There are over 5 million computers permanently attached to the Internet [as of mid-1996 the number is between 10 and 15 million!], plus at least that many portable and desktop systems which are only intermittently online. (There were only 4 computers on the ARPANET in 1969, and only 200 on the Internet in 1983!) Traffic rates measured in the recently "retired" NSFNET backbone approached 20 trillion bytes per month and were growing at a 100% annual rate.
What triggered this phenomenon? What sustains it? How is its evolution managed? The answers to these questions have their roots in DARPA-sponsored research in the 1960s into a then-risky new approach to data communication: packet switching. The U.S. government has played a critical role in the evolution and application of advanced computer networking technology and deserves credit for stimulating wide-ranging exploration and experimentation over the course of several decades.
Evolutionary Stages
Packet Switching
Today's computer communication networks are based on a technology called packet switching. This technology, which arose from DARPA-sponsored research in the 1960s, is fundamentally different from the technology that was then employed by the telephone system (which was based on "circuit switching") or by the military messaging system (which was based on "message switching").
In a packet switching system, data to be communicated is broken into small chunks that are labeled to show where they come from and where they are to go, rather like postcards in the postal system. Like postcards, packets have a maximum length and are not necessarily reliable. Packets are forwarded from one computer to another until they arrive at their destination. If any are lost, they are re-sent by the originator. The recipient acknowledges receipt of packets to eliminate unnecessary re-transmissions.
The earliest packet switching research was sponsored by the Information Processing Techniques Office of the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, which acted as a visionary force shaping the evolution of computer networking as a tool for coherent harnessing of far-flung computing resources. The first experiments were conducted around 1966. Shortly thereafter, similar work began at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK. In 1968 DARPA developed and released a Request for Quotation for a communication system based on a set of small, interconnected computers it called "Interface Message Processors" or "IMPs." The competition was won by Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), a research firm in Cambridge, MA, and by September 1969 BBN had developed and delivered the first IMP to the Network Measurement Center located at UCLA. The "ARPANET" was to touch off an explosion of networking research that continues to the present.
Apart from exercising leadership by issuing its RFQ for a system that many thought was simply not feasible (AT&T was particularly pessimistic), DARPA also set a crucial tone by making the research entirely unclassified and by engaging some of the most creative members of the computer science community who tackled this communication problem without the benefit of the experience (and hence bias) of traditional telephony groups. Even within the computer science community, though, the technical approach was not uniformly well-received, and it is to DARPA's credit that it persevered despite much advice to the contrary.
ARPANET
The ARPANET grew from four nodes in 1969 to roughly one hundred by 1975. In the course of this growth, a crucial public demonstration was held during the first International Conference on Computer Communication in October 1972. Many skeptics were converted by witnessing the responsiveness and robustness of the system. Out of that pivotal meeting came an International Network Working Group (INWG) composed of researchers who had begun to explore packet switching concepts in earnest. Several INWG participants went on to develop an international standard for packet communication known as X.25, and to lead the development of commercial packet switching in the U.S., Canada, France, and the UK, specifically for systems such as Telenet, Datapac, Experimental Packet Switching System, Transpac, and Reseau Communication par Paquet (RCP).
By mid-1975, DARPA had concluded that the ARPANET was stable and should be turned over to a separate agency for operational management. Responsibility was therefore transferred to the Defense Communications Agency (now known as the Defense Information Systems Agency).
New Packet Technologies
ARPANET was a single terrestrial network. Having seen that ARPANET was not only feasible but powerfully useful, DARPA began a series of research programs intended to extend the utility of packet switching to ships at sea and ground mobile units through the use of synchronous satellites (SATNET) and ground mobile packet radio (PRNET). These programs were begun in 1973, as was a prophetic effort known as "Internetting" which was intended to solve the problem of linking different kinds of packet networks together without requiring the users or their computers to know much about how packets moved from one network to another.
Also in the early 1970s, DARPA provided follow-on funding for a research project originated in the late 1960s by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research to explore the use of radio for a packet switched network. This effort, at the University of Hawaii, led to new mobile packet radio ideas and also to the design of the now-famous Ethernet. The Ethernet concept arose when a researcher from Xerox PARC spent a sabbatical period at the University of Hawaii and had the insight that the random access radio system could be operated on a coaxial cable, but at data rates thousands of times faster than could then be supported over the air. Ethernet has become a cornerstone of the multi-billion dollar local area network industry.
These efforts came together in 1977 when a four-network demonstration was conducted linking ARPANET, SATNET, Ethernet and the PRNET. The satellite effort, in particular, drew international involvement from participants in the UK, Norway, and later Italy and Germany.
The Internet Protocols
Another DARPA effort of the early 1970s involved research at Stanford to design a new set of computer communication protocols that would allow multiple packet networks to be interconnected in a flexible and dynamic way. In defense settings, circumstances often prevented detailed planning for communication system deployment, and a dynamic, packet-oriented, multiple-network design provided the basis for a highly robust and flexible network to support command-and-control applications.
The first phase of this work culminated in a demonstration in July 1977, the success of which led to a sustained effort to implement robust versions of the basic Internet protocols (called TCP/IP for the two main protocols: Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol). The roles of DARPA and the Defense Communications Agency were critical both in supplying sustained funding for implementing the protocols on various computers and operating systems and for the persistent and determined application of the new protocols to real needs.
By 1980, sufficient experience had been gained that the design of the protocols could be frozen and a serious effort mounted to require all computers on the ARPANET to adopt TCP/IP. This effort culminated in a switch to the new protocols in January 1983. ARPANET had graduated to production use, but it was still an evolving experimental testbed under the leadership of DARPA and DCA.
ARPANET -> NSFNET -> Internet
As DARPA and DCA were preparing to convert the organizations they supported to TCP/IP, the National Science Foundation started an effort called CSNET (for Computer Science Network) to interconnect the nation's computer science departments, many of which did not have access to ARPANET. CSNET adopted TCP/IP, but developed a dial-up "Phone-mail" capability for electronic mail exchange among computers that were not on ARPANET, and pioneered the use of TCP/IP over the X.25 protocol standard that emerged from commercial packet switching efforts. Thus, the beginning of the 1980s marked the expansion of U.S. government agency interest in networking, and by the mid-1980s the Department of Energy and NASA also had become involved.
NSF's interest in high-bandwidth attachment was ignited in 1986 after the start of the Supercomputer Centers program. NSF paved the way to link researchers to the Centers through its sponsorship of NSFNET, which augmented ARPANET as a major network backbone and eventually replaced ARPANET when ARPANET was retired in 1990. Then-Senator Gore's 1986 legislation calling for the interconnection of the Centers using fiber optic technology ultimately led the administration to respond with the High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Initiative.
Among the most critical decisions that NSF made was to support the creation of "regional" or "intermediate-level" networks that would aggregate demand from the nation's universities and feed it to the NSFNET backbone. The backbone itself was initially implemented using gateways (systems used to route traffic) developed at the University of Delaware and links operating at the ARPANET speed of 56K bps. Because of rapidly increasing demand, though, NSF in 1988 selected MERIT (at the University of Michigan) to lead a cooperative agreement with MCI and IBM to develop a 1.5M bps backbone. IBM developed new routers and MCI supplied 1.5M bps circuits, and NSFNET was reborn with roughly 30 times the bandwidth of its predecessor.
The regional networks quickly became the primary means by which universities and other research institutions linked to the NSFNET backbone. NSF wisely advised these networks that their seed funding would have limited duration and they would have to become self-sustaining. Although this took longer than originally expected, most of the regional networks (such as BARNET, SURANET, JVNCNET, CICNET, NYSERNET, NWNET, and so on) now have either gone into for-profit mode or have spun off for-profit operations.
Because of continued increases in demand, NSF recently re-visited the cooperative agreement with MCI, IBM and MERIT. A non-profit organization, Advanced Networks and Services (ANS), was born, and has satisfied the current demand for Internet capacity using 45M bps circuits. The name "Internet" refers to the global seamless interconnection of networks made possible by the protocols devised in the 1970s through DARPA-sponsored research -- the Internet protocols, still in use today.
A Commercial Market Emerges
By the mid-1980s there was sufficient interest in the use of Internet in the research, educational, and defense communities that it was possible to establish businesses making equipment for Internet implementation. Companies such as Cisco Systems, Proteon, and later Wellfleet (now Bay Networks) and 3Com became interested in manufacturing and selling "routers," the commercial equivalents of the "gateways" that had been built by BBN in the early ARPANET experiments. Cisco alone is already a $5 billion business, and others seem headed rapidly toward that level.
The previous subsection noted the "privatization" of the NSF regional networks. NYSERNET (the New York State regional network) was the first to spin out a for-profit company, Performance Systems International, which now is one of the more successful Internet service providers. Other Internet providers actually began as independent entities; one of these is UUNET, which started as a private non-profit but turned for-profit and began offering an Internet service it calls ALTERNET; another is CERFNet, a for-profit operation initiated by General Atomic in 1989; a third is NEARNet, started in the Boston area and recently absorbed into a cluster of for-profit services operated as BBN Planet (recall that BBN was the original developer of the ARPANET IMP; BBN also created the Telenet service, which it sold to GTE and which subsequently became Sprintnet).
In 1988, in a conscious effort to test Federal policy on commercial use of Internet, the Corporation for National Research Initiatives approached the Federal Networking Council (actually its predecessor, the Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee) for permission to experiment with the interconnection of MCI Mail with the Internet. An experimental electronic mail relay was built and put into operation in 1989, and shortly thereafter Compuserve, ATTMail and Sprintmail (Telemail) followed suit. Once again, a far-sighted experimental effort coupled with a wise policy choice stimulated investment by industry and expansion of the nation's infrastructure. In the past year, commercial use of the Internet has exploded.
The Roaring '90s: Privatization, and the World Wide Web
The Internet is experiencing exponential growth in the number of networks, number of hosts, and volume of traffic. NSFNET backbone traffic more than doubled annually from a terabyte per month in March 1991 to eighteen terabytes a month in November 1994. (A terabyte is a thousand billion bytes!) The number of host computers increased from 200 to 5,000,000 in the 12 years between 1983 and 1995 -- a factor of 25,000! [It has doubled again -- to between 10 and 15 million -- between 1995 and mid-1996!]
As 1995 unfolds, many Internet service providers have gone public and others have merged or grown by acquisition. Market valuations of these companies are impressive. America Online purchased Advanced Networks and Services for $35 million. Microsoft supplied more than $20 million in capital to UUNET for expansion. UUNET and PSI have gone public. MCI has unveiled a major international Internet service, as well as an information and electronic commerce service called marketplaceMCI. AT&T is expected to announce a major new service later in the year. Other major carriers such as British Telecom, France Telecom, Deutsche Telekom, Swedish Telecom, Norwegian Telecom, and Finnish Telecom, among many others, have announced Internet services. An estimated 300 service providers are in operation, ranging from very small resellers to large telecom carriers.
In an extraordinary development, the NSFNET backbone was retired at the end of April 1995, with almost no visible effects from the point of view of users (it was hard work for the Internet service providers!). A fully commercial system of backbones has been erected where a government sponsored system once existed. Indeed, the key networks that made the Internet possible (ARPANET, SATNET, PRNET and NSFNET) are now gone -- but the Internet thrives!
One of the major forces behind the exponential growth of the Internet is a variety of new capabilities in the network -- particularly directory, indexing, and searching services that help users discover information in the vast sea of the Internet. Many of these services have started as university research efforts and evolved into businesses. Examples include the Wide Area Information Service, Archie (which spawned a company called Bunyip in Canada), LYCOS from Carnegie Mellon, YAHOO from Stanford, and INFOSE.
Source: www.cs.washington.edu/homes/lazowska/cra/networks.html
Senior Vice President, Data Services Division
MCI Telecommunications Corporation
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The Internet Phenomenon
The Internet has gone from near-invisibility to near-ubiquity in little more than a year. In fact, though, today's multi-billion dollar industry in Internet hardware and software is the direct descendant of strategically-motivated fundamental research begun in the 1960s with federal sponsorship. A fertile mixture of high-risk ideas, stable research funding, visionary leadership, extraordinary grass-roots cooperation, and vigorous entrepreneurship has led to an emerging Global Information Infrastructure unlike anything that has ever existed.
Although not easy to estimate with accuracy, the 1994 data communications market approached roughly $15 billion/year if one includes private line data services ($9 billion/year), local area network and bridge/router equipment ($3 billion/year), wide area network services ($1 billion/year), electronic messaging and online services ($1 billion/year), and proprietary networking software and hardware ($1 billion/year). Some of these markets show annual growth rates in the 35-50% range, and the Internet itself has doubled in size each year since 1988.
As this article is written in 1995, the Internet encompasses an estimated 50,000 networks worldwide, about half of which are in the United States. There are over 5 million computers permanently attached to the Internet [as of mid-1996 the number is between 10 and 15 million!], plus at least that many portable and desktop systems which are only intermittently online. (There were only 4 computers on the ARPANET in 1969, and only 200 on the Internet in 1983!) Traffic rates measured in the recently "retired" NSFNET backbone approached 20 trillion bytes per month and were growing at a 100% annual rate.
What triggered this phenomenon? What sustains it? How is its evolution managed? The answers to these questions have their roots in DARPA-sponsored research in the 1960s into a then-risky new approach to data communication: packet switching. The U.S. government has played a critical role in the evolution and application of advanced computer networking technology and deserves credit for stimulating wide-ranging exploration and experimentation over the course of several decades.
Evolutionary Stages
Packet Switching
Today's computer communication networks are based on a technology called packet switching. This technology, which arose from DARPA-sponsored research in the 1960s, is fundamentally different from the technology that was then employed by the telephone system (which was based on "circuit switching") or by the military messaging system (which was based on "message switching").
In a packet switching system, data to be communicated is broken into small chunks that are labeled to show where they come from and where they are to go, rather like postcards in the postal system. Like postcards, packets have a maximum length and are not necessarily reliable. Packets are forwarded from one computer to another until they arrive at their destination. If any are lost, they are re-sent by the originator. The recipient acknowledges receipt of packets to eliminate unnecessary re-transmissions.
The earliest packet switching research was sponsored by the Information Processing Techniques Office of the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, which acted as a visionary force shaping the evolution of computer networking as a tool for coherent harnessing of far-flung computing resources. The first experiments were conducted around 1966. Shortly thereafter, similar work began at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK. In 1968 DARPA developed and released a Request for Quotation for a communication system based on a set of small, interconnected computers it called "Interface Message Processors" or "IMPs." The competition was won by Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), a research firm in Cambridge, MA, and by September 1969 BBN had developed and delivered the first IMP to the Network Measurement Center located at UCLA. The "ARPANET" was to touch off an explosion of networking research that continues to the present.
Apart from exercising leadership by issuing its RFQ for a system that many thought was simply not feasible (AT&T was particularly pessimistic), DARPA also set a crucial tone by making the research entirely unclassified and by engaging some of the most creative members of the computer science community who tackled this communication problem without the benefit of the experience (and hence bias) of traditional telephony groups. Even within the computer science community, though, the technical approach was not uniformly well-received, and it is to DARPA's credit that it persevered despite much advice to the contrary.
ARPANET
The ARPANET grew from four nodes in 1969 to roughly one hundred by 1975. In the course of this growth, a crucial public demonstration was held during the first International Conference on Computer Communication in October 1972. Many skeptics were converted by witnessing the responsiveness and robustness of the system. Out of that pivotal meeting came an International Network Working Group (INWG) composed of researchers who had begun to explore packet switching concepts in earnest. Several INWG participants went on to develop an international standard for packet communication known as X.25, and to lead the development of commercial packet switching in the U.S., Canada, France, and the UK, specifically for systems such as Telenet, Datapac, Experimental Packet Switching System, Transpac, and Reseau Communication par Paquet (RCP).
By mid-1975, DARPA had concluded that the ARPANET was stable and should be turned over to a separate agency for operational management. Responsibility was therefore transferred to the Defense Communications Agency (now known as the Defense Information Systems Agency).
New Packet Technologies
ARPANET was a single terrestrial network. Having seen that ARPANET was not only feasible but powerfully useful, DARPA began a series of research programs intended to extend the utility of packet switching to ships at sea and ground mobile units through the use of synchronous satellites (SATNET) and ground mobile packet radio (PRNET). These programs were begun in 1973, as was a prophetic effort known as "Internetting" which was intended to solve the problem of linking different kinds of packet networks together without requiring the users or their computers to know much about how packets moved from one network to another.
Also in the early 1970s, DARPA provided follow-on funding for a research project originated in the late 1960s by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research to explore the use of radio for a packet switched network. This effort, at the University of Hawaii, led to new mobile packet radio ideas and also to the design of the now-famous Ethernet. The Ethernet concept arose when a researcher from Xerox PARC spent a sabbatical period at the University of Hawaii and had the insight that the random access radio system could be operated on a coaxial cable, but at data rates thousands of times faster than could then be supported over the air. Ethernet has become a cornerstone of the multi-billion dollar local area network industry.
These efforts came together in 1977 when a four-network demonstration was conducted linking ARPANET, SATNET, Ethernet and the PRNET. The satellite effort, in particular, drew international involvement from participants in the UK, Norway, and later Italy and Germany.
The Internet Protocols
Another DARPA effort of the early 1970s involved research at Stanford to design a new set of computer communication protocols that would allow multiple packet networks to be interconnected in a flexible and dynamic way. In defense settings, circumstances often prevented detailed planning for communication system deployment, and a dynamic, packet-oriented, multiple-network design provided the basis for a highly robust and flexible network to support command-and-control applications.
The first phase of this work culminated in a demonstration in July 1977, the success of which led to a sustained effort to implement robust versions of the basic Internet protocols (called TCP/IP for the two main protocols: Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol). The roles of DARPA and the Defense Communications Agency were critical both in supplying sustained funding for implementing the protocols on various computers and operating systems and for the persistent and determined application of the new protocols to real needs.
By 1980, sufficient experience had been gained that the design of the protocols could be frozen and a serious effort mounted to require all computers on the ARPANET to adopt TCP/IP. This effort culminated in a switch to the new protocols in January 1983. ARPANET had graduated to production use, but it was still an evolving experimental testbed under the leadership of DARPA and DCA.
ARPANET -> NSFNET -> Internet
As DARPA and DCA were preparing to convert the organizations they supported to TCP/IP, the National Science Foundation started an effort called CSNET (for Computer Science Network) to interconnect the nation's computer science departments, many of which did not have access to ARPANET. CSNET adopted TCP/IP, but developed a dial-up "Phone-mail" capability for electronic mail exchange among computers that were not on ARPANET, and pioneered the use of TCP/IP over the X.25 protocol standard that emerged from commercial packet switching efforts. Thus, the beginning of the 1980s marked the expansion of U.S. government agency interest in networking, and by the mid-1980s the Department of Energy and NASA also had become involved.
NSF's interest in high-bandwidth attachment was ignited in 1986 after the start of the Supercomputer Centers program. NSF paved the way to link researchers to the Centers through its sponsorship of NSFNET, which augmented ARPANET as a major network backbone and eventually replaced ARPANET when ARPANET was retired in 1990. Then-Senator Gore's 1986 legislation calling for the interconnection of the Centers using fiber optic technology ultimately led the administration to respond with the High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Initiative.
Among the most critical decisions that NSF made was to support the creation of "regional" or "intermediate-level" networks that would aggregate demand from the nation's universities and feed it to the NSFNET backbone. The backbone itself was initially implemented using gateways (systems used to route traffic) developed at the University of Delaware and links operating at the ARPANET speed of 56K bps. Because of rapidly increasing demand, though, NSF in 1988 selected MERIT (at the University of Michigan) to lead a cooperative agreement with MCI and IBM to develop a 1.5M bps backbone. IBM developed new routers and MCI supplied 1.5M bps circuits, and NSFNET was reborn with roughly 30 times the bandwidth of its predecessor.
The regional networks quickly became the primary means by which universities and other research institutions linked to the NSFNET backbone. NSF wisely advised these networks that their seed funding would have limited duration and they would have to become self-sustaining. Although this took longer than originally expected, most of the regional networks (such as BARNET, SURANET, JVNCNET, CICNET, NYSERNET, NWNET, and so on) now have either gone into for-profit mode or have spun off for-profit operations.
Because of continued increases in demand, NSF recently re-visited the cooperative agreement with MCI, IBM and MERIT. A non-profit organization, Advanced Networks and Services (ANS), was born, and has satisfied the current demand for Internet capacity using 45M bps circuits. The name "Internet" refers to the global seamless interconnection of networks made possible by the protocols devised in the 1970s through DARPA-sponsored research -- the Internet protocols, still in use today.
A Commercial Market Emerges
By the mid-1980s there was sufficient interest in the use of Internet in the research, educational, and defense communities that it was possible to establish businesses making equipment for Internet implementation. Companies such as Cisco Systems, Proteon, and later Wellfleet (now Bay Networks) and 3Com became interested in manufacturing and selling "routers," the commercial equivalents of the "gateways" that had been built by BBN in the early ARPANET experiments. Cisco alone is already a $5 billion business, and others seem headed rapidly toward that level.
The previous subsection noted the "privatization" of the NSF regional networks. NYSERNET (the New York State regional network) was the first to spin out a for-profit company, Performance Systems International, which now is one of the more successful Internet service providers. Other Internet providers actually began as independent entities; one of these is UUNET, which started as a private non-profit but turned for-profit and began offering an Internet service it calls ALTERNET; another is CERFNet, a for-profit operation initiated by General Atomic in 1989; a third is NEARNet, started in the Boston area and recently absorbed into a cluster of for-profit services operated as BBN Planet (recall that BBN was the original developer of the ARPANET IMP; BBN also created the Telenet service, which it sold to GTE and which subsequently became Sprintnet).
In 1988, in a conscious effort to test Federal policy on commercial use of Internet, the Corporation for National Research Initiatives approached the Federal Networking Council (actually its predecessor, the Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee) for permission to experiment with the interconnection of MCI Mail with the Internet. An experimental electronic mail relay was built and put into operation in 1989, and shortly thereafter Compuserve, ATTMail and Sprintmail (Telemail) followed suit. Once again, a far-sighted experimental effort coupled with a wise policy choice stimulated investment by industry and expansion of the nation's infrastructure. In the past year, commercial use of the Internet has exploded.
The Roaring '90s: Privatization, and the World Wide Web
The Internet is experiencing exponential growth in the number of networks, number of hosts, and volume of traffic. NSFNET backbone traffic more than doubled annually from a terabyte per month in March 1991 to eighteen terabytes a month in November 1994. (A terabyte is a thousand billion bytes!) The number of host computers increased from 200 to 5,000,000 in the 12 years between 1983 and 1995 -- a factor of 25,000! [It has doubled again -- to between 10 and 15 million -- between 1995 and mid-1996!]
As 1995 unfolds, many Internet service providers have gone public and others have merged or grown by acquisition. Market valuations of these companies are impressive. America Online purchased Advanced Networks and Services for $35 million. Microsoft supplied more than $20 million in capital to UUNET for expansion. UUNET and PSI have gone public. MCI has unveiled a major international Internet service, as well as an information and electronic commerce service called marketplaceMCI. AT&T is expected to announce a major new service later in the year. Other major carriers such as British Telecom, France Telecom, Deutsche Telekom, Swedish Telecom, Norwegian Telecom, and Finnish Telecom, among many others, have announced Internet services. An estimated 300 service providers are in operation, ranging from very small resellers to large telecom carriers.
In an extraordinary development, the NSFNET backbone was retired at the end of April 1995, with almost no visible effects from the point of view of users (it was hard work for the Internet service providers!). A fully commercial system of backbones has been erected where a government sponsored system once existed. Indeed, the key networks that made the Internet possible (ARPANET, SATNET, PRNET and NSFNET) are now gone -- but the Internet thrives!
One of the major forces behind the exponential growth of the Internet is a variety of new capabilities in the network -- particularly directory, indexing, and searching services that help users discover information in the vast sea of the Internet. Many of these services have started as university research efforts and evolved into businesses. Examples include the Wide Area Information Service, Archie (which spawned a company called Bunyip in Canada), LYCOS from Carnegie Mellon, YAHOO from Stanford, and INFOSE.
Source: www.cs.washington.edu/homes/lazowska/cra/networks.html
Thursday, October 15, 2009
Basic Security Tips
This basic Network Security Guide provides useful security tips and methods to secure your network such as installing a updated antivirus program, email scanning programs, network monitoring tools, internet access policy and other security prevention methods. Network security is a very important aspect of a computer network. Minor security vulnerability can result in a heavy loss of the critical data of your server and other client computers. Keeping the computer as well as network secure, is the big responsibility of the network administrator and the security specialists. There are lot of security measures and prevention methods which I will discuss in this section. Typically a computer network can be attacked by a number of ways such as virus attacks, unauthorized access, cryptography attacks and a number of other security threats.
A network security threat can be prevented if you have an updated antivirus program, regularly scan all the network devices, emails, open ports, server and client computers. It’s the responsibility of the network administrators to check and deploy the missing security patches in all the network computers. They should also remove the unnecessary network shares, users accounts, wireless access points and restrict the access too the network users. There should be proper training of the network users, network administrators and IT managers about the vulnerable things that cause a network to be attacked. A network administration of an organization should be highly skilled person and have much experience in network/system administration as well as dealing with the security issues.
Security Threats
There are a number of security threats that can be the cause of a network security attack. Main security threats are denial of service, distributed denial of service, viruses, Trojan horses, spywares, malwares, unauthorized access to the network resources and data, accidental deletion of the files and the uncontrolled internet access.
Virus Attack
A computer virus is a small program or an executable code that when executed and replicated, perform different unwanted and harmful functions for a computer and a network. Viruses can destroy your hard disks and processors, consume memory at a very large scale and destroy the overall performance of a computer or network. A Trojan is a malicious code that performs harmful actions but it cannot be replicated. Trojan can destroy systems’ critical data. A computer worm is a program that replicates to all network and destroy useful data. The viruses, malware, adware and Trojan horses can be prevented if you have an updated antivirus program with the latest pattern files.
Security policy
Being a network administrator, you should implement a security policy in your network and educate your network users and other employees about the security threats.
Email scanning
Email is a big source of a virus and malicious code. You should have installed an email scanning and monitoring program. You should also have a tight security policy at your proxy server and should block the unnecessary ports and web applications.
Unauthorized Access
Access to the network resources and data should be allowed only to the authorized persons. Every shared folder and resources in your network should have been accessed only by the authorized persons and should also be scanned and monitored regularly.
Accidental deletion of the files
What will you do if you accidentally delete your organization’s critical data? This is a question, which every network administrator and security specialists thinks of and wants answer. Few days before I read on internet news site that a computer technician accidentally deleted a financial company’s $ 10 billions records. To avoid the big troubles like this for you and for your company, you should have excellent data recovery software in your software inventory. Many data recovery tools are good enough to recover every piece of data if the hard disk is not physically badly damaged.
Network Monitoring Tools
You must have a good network monitoring tools to detect various suspicious things and monitor the various activities in your network such as network traffic, open ports, useless shared folders. GFI LanGuard Network security scanner is a good scanning and monitoring tool and it checks for all the possible methods, which a hacker can use to attack your network.
Internet Access Control
Internet can be a big source of viruses and the major security attacks, if you are unable to implement a tight security policy in your network, if you have a old definition anti virus program and if your haven’t put any check on your network user’s activity. Your gateway or proxy server, which is directly exposed to the internet should have very tight security, updated antivirus program and network monitoring tools.
Information Theft and cryptography attacks
Another threat to a network is to loss of the important information and this loss can be prevented, if you good encryption methods such as 128 bit security or 256 bit security encryption methods. In this way, your data when transferred through FTP programs, can be encrypted and can’t be read or use.
Unauthorized application installations
Another virus and security attack prevention method is to install only the authorized software applications to your network server and your all client computers. Nobody should be allowed to install any kind of program which can cause security threats such as songs or video programs, codec, gaming software or other web based applications.
Security Conclusion:
I tried to point out the major security threat prevention methods also provided the solutions to avoid them. There are a number of ways, which guarantee for the safety and security of your network.
I have summarized the all these method as below.
1. Perform regular network security testing.2. Don’t provide more or unwanted access to any network user.
3. Must have an updated antivirus program.
4. Operating system should be regularly updated. If you have windows based operating system you can update it from the Microsoft website.
5. Keep inventory of your network resources such as devices and software applications.
6. Regularly scan TCP/IP services
7. Turn off your computer when you are away and don’t leave your computer unattended.
8. Put a strong network and system administrator password.
9. Implement a strong security policy.
10. Use a switched network, so that you can identify the problem very quickly.
Source:www.networktutorials.info/networkhowto/security_tips.html
Introduction To Windows Networking
What is Windows Networking?
The term networking covers a broad range of the topics and technologies. A computer network is segmented into different parts to share the data and resourced between the different computers of a network. Microsoft has released the operating systems that have the networking capabilities so Microsoft Windows 98, Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows 2003, Windows XP Professional and Windows Vista all are the network operating systems.All these operating systems have built inn capabilities of files and printer sharing, security, network administrative control, protocols support such as TCP/IP, NetBIOS, IPX/SPX and network hardware support.
Naming Computers
All computers in a Windows based network requires a unique name for their identification i.e. the name of the computer A cannot be assigned to the computer B and so on. Assign a meaningful computer name to all the computers and the name should be easy to remember.
All the names should be configured properly and ensure that the name is not longer than the 15 characters and they contain no spaces in them. Also try to avoid the special names while naming the computers such as / \ *,:,. To assign a computer name in Windows XP and Windows 2000 do the following things.
1. Right click on the My Computer.
2. Click Properties
3. Click on Computer name.
4. Assign a unique and meaningful computer name.
Naming Workgroup and Domains
A Windows based computer network can be a workgroup (Peer to Peer) or domain (client/server). You can make your computer a part of the workgroup or a domain. If you have centralized server then your computer will be part of the domain and if you have no server then all computers will be having peer to peer networking. In both cases, while joining your computer to a domain or a workgroup always assign unique, sequenced, memorable and meaningful names to the computers. Do not use duplicate names and the special characters such as / \ *,:,,. In order to join a computer to a domain or workgroup in Windows 2000 and Windows XP Professional do the following.
1. Right Click on My Computer
2. Click Properties
3. Click on Computer Name
4. In Workgroup or domain, enter the name of the workgroup or domain.
If everything is correct such as unique computer name, unique IP address, correct workgroup or domain name then you computer will be the part of the workgroup or domain in the few seconds and you will be see a welcome to domain or workgroup message and will be prompted to restart the computer name.
Files Sharing
Being on network computer files and printer sharing is a must. To enable the files and folder sharing in Windows XP Professional 2000 and Windows 2000 do the following.
1. Right Click on the folder name you want to share.
2. Click on the properties.
3. Click Sharing.
4. Click on Share this computer on the network.
5. Assign a shared computer name.
You can set the sharing rights for the users and also control the shared folder access by allowing and denying permissions to specific users or groups. If you want to share the individual files, you can put the files in the same shared folder. All the files and folders in the parent shared folder will be automatically shared.
Network Cable Errors in Windows
If your computer network cable is not working properly, you will see a repeated message or pop up “network cable is unplugged” on your desktop and the blinking status lights of the network will also stop blinking. There can be many causes of this problem and you can fix this error with these simple tips. If you have another Ethernet adapter installed but not using it, then disable it by right clicking on the monitor icons on the right side of the desktop and select the disable option. Check both ends of the cables and ensure that the RJ 45 connectors are properly inserted in the LAN card and in the Hub/Switch. Update the drive of the LAN card from the vendor’s website and if the problem still exist then replace the cable with new one. If the problem is still not resolved then replace the LAN card with a new one and try to use a new hub or switch and put cable’s one end into it. By these simple steps, you will be able to trace out and troubleshoot the problem.
Introduction to Windows Firewall
Windows firewall is a protective layer or boundary that monitors the in and out traffic from your network and internet. The firewall is a protective and defensive boundary against the intruders and unauthorized persons. You can enable the firewall in XP Professional with these simple steps.
1. Click Start > Settings > Control Panel
2. Windows Firewall > Double click.
Network Troubleshooting Tips
If you find a communication failure error in the TCP/IP network then try to find and troubleshoot the errors with the following methods.
1. Make sure you can ping the other computer by name.
2. Make sure you can pint the other computer by IP address.
3. Make sure you have assigned unique IP address and computer name to all the computers in the network.
4. Make sure you have assigned the correct gateway, subnet mask, DNS and DHCP addresses.
5. For troubleshooting purpose try to uninstall any firewall software and see if the problem is resolved.
Windows Network Security
Security a computer network should be the top priority of the network administrators, system managers and security specialists. You can secure your computer network by doing these things such as installing the updated operating system, up-to-date antivirus program, event log monitoring, encryption, group policy management, patch management, security scanners, auditing, firewall security, web application security, web content filtering and controlling the access to only the authorized users.
Source:www.networktutorials.info/windows_networking.html
Introduction To FTP
Here you will learn about how to transfer files with FTP program, files transfer protocol introduction, ftp software program, downloading data, uploading data, free ftp software and how to configure FTP software program. You can download files, video, images, graphics, clips, music, software and web pages with the file transfer protocol program. FTP refers both as a protocol and the software applications that are used to transfer the files. With FTP you can download data in different formats in the digital form, download music, software, voice files, web pages and other.
There are a number of FTP programs that are used for the transfering the data such as CuteFTP, AceFTP, FTP voyager. Many of the software versions are offered in the free trial form. By subscribing to the AceFTP you can use it for free.
Following are the steps required for the configuring and using a FTP program for transferring the files.
The basic instructions for using all FTP program are the same. I have provided the detail for using a FTP program in a easy form and everyone with a little compute knowledge can install and use a FTP program.
BASIC STEPS
• STEP # 1: First Install FTP software on your hard disk. You can download any FTP program of your choice. I have mentioned some of them above. After installing open the program.
• STEP # 2: Next step is to enter the host address which can be in the form of IP address or URL. For example 10.10.10.1 or www.xyz.com.
• STEP # 3: Next enter your id and password which have been provided to you by the site owners, whose services you want to use. If you have been provided with the anonymous login then your login id can be “guest” and your “email address can be your password.
• STEP # 4: If your id and password is not anonymous then enter whatever id and password is assigned to you with the remote administrator.
• STEP # 5: Next click connect to establish a connection and when the connection is established, the window on the right side of the screen represents the remote site and the windows on the left side of the screen represents the local screen.
• STEP # 6: When the connection is successfully established you will see some commands will move on in the green color in the right side pane. You will also see here remote folders, move through the remote folders and locate the file, which you want do download and use. After locating the file, simply select it.
• STEP # 7: Next move through your hard disk with the window in the left side of the screen. Now open any destination folder in your hard disk where you want to download the file from the FTP.
• STEP # 8: After selecting the remote file on the right window, drag it to the window of the left or after selecting it simply click on the left arrow once, it will automatically start downloading the remote selected file into your local folder. Most FTP programs allow you to download data in this way and if your software does not allow this method then you should consult the help file to see how to start download. When you have successfully downloaded the file, you will see a new file in your destination folder in your hard disk.
General Tips & Warnings
If the FTP administrator has set permissions then everyone can download the data using anonymous FTP. In this case you are not required for any specific login information as in most cases “guest” is your login id and “your email” is your password. On the other hand, if the permissions are not assigned to the files to be used by the general public then you must need a user id and password to access the files on the FTP site. To avoid losing the file after it has been downloaded, take a note of its name and location on your hard disk.
You can find it later by using the Find function of Windows and by using the Run command. If you have permissions to delete the remote files then you must not delete the files in the FTP site, unless you make sure that the downloaded data are accurate and downloaded 100%.
Otherwise, after deleting the remote files you may find some difficulties to access those files if they were not downloaded properly. You will have to request your host to re-upload those data files so that you can download them once again. If you data is of some secure nature like official files, medical transcription voice files or others then your FTP host must have the capability for 128 bit encryption. In this way, the files will be transferred in the encryption and secure form and there will be no chances of hacking or losing of the information.
Some good software automatically delete the voice files in the FTP sites after successfully downloading them to you hard disk. These software also make a archive (log) of all the downloaded data. So there are no chances of missing a file. GearXport is one them and it is used for downloading the voice files for the medical transcription work.
Source:www.networktutorials.info/networkhowto/ftp_transfer.html
Introduction to HyperTerminal
Here you will learn remote network access, what is hyperterminal, how hyperterminal works and learn how to connect with office computer using hyperterminal. In this topic you will learn how to get to the remote network access or connect to single computer sing the HyperTerminal. HyperTerminal is a program, which is included in the Microsoft Windows operating systems. HyperTerminal allows you transfer files between two remote computers over the telephone lines, perform telnet and access the computer bulletin boards. HyperTerminal is a terminal emulation program that comes with every version of the Windows operating systems like Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT and Windows 2000. Hyper Terminal is communications software that was developed by the Hilgraeve. It can also be setup to transfer data between two computers using the serial ports and for the serial port control of the external devices, robots, scientific instruments and radio communication stations.
HyperTerminal can also be used as a troubleshooting tool when connected with the modem. Through it you can send commands to your modem to you that when it is working properly or not. With Hyper terminal the user can have the ability of connecting and transferring files between the two computers.
The following steps are only applicable to the Windows 98 operating system. The steps can be varying in the other operating systems.
Basic Configuration Steps
• STEP # 1: First of all locate the telephone number of the remote computer you wan to connect to.
• STEP # 2: In Windows 98 open the start menu then select programs, then accessories and then communication. Here you will see an icon called HyperTerminal simply click it.
• STEP # 3: Now if a see that a folder opens, double click the Hypertrm icon.
• STEP # 4: Now here if you see a message to upgrade HyperTerminal click the OK and continue.
• STEP # 5: Here enter the user name of your new connection. Please note that the connection name should be identifiable so that you can easily identify to which computer you are connected.
• STEP # 6: Now here click on an icon, which you want to represent the remote computer connection and press OK. Here another window will appear.
• STEP # 7: Carefully check that your area code, country code and your modem information is 100% perfect. Then enter the phone number of the remote computer to which you want to connect to.
• STEP # 8: Now click Dial button and the computer will dial the number of the remote computer that you have listed and when HyperTerminal connects with the other terminal you will see a text screen.
• STEP # 9: Now carefully follow the instructions on the text screen. From this step you have to proceed but it all depends that how the remote computer is setup to receiving the incoming calls and connections.
• STEP # 10: Here you can save you current settings including the icons so that you can dial easily next time the same remote computer. Before exit click on the save settings.
Tips & Instructions
The most important use of the HyperTerminal is to connect with the computer bulletin boards. The bulletin boards are mostly setup and granted the permission to use them for free or for some fee by the University library, colleges and the educational institutes. Bulletin boards are sometime operated by the individuals. After connecting to the remote computer you can transfer the files between your computer and the remote computer provided the other computer is setup up to access the connections and incoming call through the HyperTerminal and is setup to accept or sent the files remotely.
Also remember that you are not using the ISP for HyperTerminal connection if you connecting to the remote computer that is in another country you will bear the same charges as you talk on phone in that country. This is a Dial-up connection over the telephone lines and not the internet connection. You can also use HyperTerminal to help debugging the source code from the remote computer and you can also setup HyperTerminal to communicate with the old character-based computers.Next (How to transfer files)
Source:www.networktutorials.info/networkhowto/remote_access.html
What is a WiFi Network-How to Setup
An Introduction to the Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
Here you will learn how to setup wifi network, how wireless fidelity works, hotspot security, vpn servers. Wi-Fi or wireless fidelity is meant for to be used when referring any type of 802.11 network, whether 802.11, 802.11a and dual band. Any products tested and approved as Wi-Fi certified by the Wi-Fi alliance are interoperable with each other.Typically, any Wi-Fi product using the same radio frequency will work with each other even if not Wi-Fi certified. Formerly the term Wi-Fi was used only in the place of the 2.4 GHz 802.11b standard in the same way Ethernet was used.
Wi-fi short for wireless fidelity refers to a set of wireless networking technologies and more specifically referred to as any type of 802.11 network, 802.11b and 802.11a and dual band. The word Wi-Fi was built by an organization named as Wi-Fi alliance. A product that undergoes the Wi-Fi alliance analyses is given the name Wi-Fi certified.
Wi-Fi rapidly gained the fame in the United States with the access point. These devices tested by the “Wi-Fi alliance” are used around the world and allow users to have Wi-Fi capable device like a PDA or Laptop to connect anywhere there is availability of Wi-Fi access point. There are currently three standards that are used to signify the speed of the connection. Both the 802.11a and 802.11b are the capable of 54 Mbps with 802.11a additional features. The most common standard is 802.11b/second because it can transmit the data at 11 Mbps.
All these Wi-Fi connections are fast enough to allow the broadband internet connection. Wireless Fidelity is a fastest growing wireless technology that will probably be as common as phone lines and electric devices. Wi-Fi adds great levels of convenience and high level of production.
Wireless fidelity is planned to be used with the wireless devices but it is most commonly used for internet access. With Wi-Fi you can connect computers in your home, office or anywhere without the need of wires. The computers can just connect to the network that uses radio waves.
How does W-Fi work?
Wi-Fi is the wireless technology to handle the networking/communication. Wi-Fi allocates internet connection globally and to be transmitted by the radio waves. Radio waves are the main cause of Wi-Fi. Radio waves are transmitted from antenna and Wi-Fi receivers pick them up. When a user receives the Wi-Fi signals, a wireless internet connection is produced and a user is prompted to provide the user name and password if required to establish a wireless connection.
What is Wi-Fi Security?
Wi-Fi maintains certain security issues. WEP or Wired Equivalent Privacy is used in the physical and data link layers. It was planned to provide the wireless security by protecting the data, while it transmits from one point to another. Wi-Fi networking usually maintained inside a building premises. The data transmission in the Wi-Fi is protected by Wireless LANs but due to the fact that data travels over the radio waves so there are chance that data can be exposed and capture.
How to secure your WiFi network?
When you buy a wireless router you might find an Installation CD by vendor that CD with guide you through a wizard on setting up router. Here are some suggestions that how can you setup security on the router without using the application software.
1. Open a new browser.
2. You may now type IP address of the router in your browser. The step here is where you can get the management system of the router. Due to different vendors, you need to lookup on your router’s manual for the IP address usually it may be 10.10.10.01, 196.168.1.1 or 192.168.0.1, 100.100.100.1 or something similar to those matches and the default password of the router. Every router management console is different from each other. Try exploring around and find the appropriate section to manage.
3. You should never forget this step to setup an administrative password. The step to set here is often not located in Security section; you will need to take a look at the utilities, user management or system settings. Find it and change the password immediately for any user account.
4. Enable Wireless security. To turn on your encryption look under the wireless security tab. The step over here will need you to either use WPA or WPA-PSK and this will only appropriate if the devices on your network supported it. Otherwise you will need 128-bit WEP. For WPA or WPA-PSK, you would have to type pass phrase/password into a piece of paper and transfer to thumb drive so that you can set the password in the client’s machines.
5. Change your SSID. You should not make your SSID this will be probably a default SSID, normally those who do not configure their SSID will have their router name such as “linksys”, “belkin”, “dlink” etc. Try changing it with someone menacing, which will be threat for them to connect. Like virus geek, virus spreader. Remember that you will need this SSID when you browse through the network from your client machines. You can find these settings in the section of Channel or SSID.
6. Save your configurations and settings by pressing the save changes or save settings button. You will need to save every change that you will make to the router in order to it can take effect and probably you will have to reboot your router multiple times.
Congratulations, finally you have covered the basic settings for your Wi-Fi network
Wi-Fi Hotspot Security: Using VPNs
There are numerous security issues regarding the use of the public wireless networks but all of which can be overcome. One of the solutions for users, as brought up in Wi-Fi Hotspot security, is to use the VPN (Virtual Private Network) to secure the real time traffic of the Wi-Fi hot spot users. Many small to large businesses provide their employees with the VPN access.
Although this access is typically put in place for employees to have the remote access to the corporate network in order to access the files and documents remotely. If you don’t have access to any VPN servers, create your own. By doing this you can remotely access the files from your office as well as other devices such as Wi-Fi video camera to keep an eye on the things while away.
When using the software-based VPN server features in Windows XP Pro, the PC running the server has to be powered-on to access the home network from the Wi-Fi hotspot. VPN routers can cost as low as $70 to $130 and the popular models are Linksys, WRV200 and WRV5G.
Source:www.networktutorials.info/what_is_wi_fi.html
Introduction to Internet
In this basic internet tutorial you will learn about web browsing, world wide web, http, online shopping ftp, routing and online communication system. Internet is a network of publicly available networks. The internet was first developed in 1969 and was known as ARPAnet, by the US department of defense. Initially only were computers were interconnected and the aim of the DOD was to make a nationwide network of computers to share the information in the times of War and emergency. The internet was available for the public for the first time in 1992 and many big internet companies came into existence after that time.
Internet is an electronic network of the computers across the globe, which is interconnected with each other. Millions of the computers are the part of the internet around the world such as telecommunication computers, military computers, airlines computers, universities computers and other commercial computers.
The most common use of the internet is the World Wide Web (WWW) and the most important feature of the WWW is HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol). This protocol is used to view the html documents in the web browsers. TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/internet protocol) is the protocol that is used for communication in the internet. Every computer which is connected with the internet has a unique identifier which is known as IP address. An IP address is a 32 bits decimal numbers address such as 10.11.11.1, 112.1.1.30 etc.
There are certain types of the features on the internet such as web browsing, emails, Telnet, FTP, Gopher and other features. Today every kind of information is available on the internet and is accessible in seconds. We can share html web pages, songs, videos, games, graphics, news and other types of applications. Internet has become a big business portal for almost every kind of business in the world. Almost every well known company in the world has it presence on the internet.
There are certain marketing methods on the internet that are used to promote a business such as search engines marketing methods, email marketing, banner exchanges, directory submission, articles writing and promoting and many other types. Today researches can share their knowledge and experiences with their fellow researchers around the world, which was not easy before the internet. Internet is also a source of distance learning education system, in which a student is enrolled in a specific course on the internet, no matter what the geographic location of the student is. Internet connection is easily available to everyone who has a computer, fax modem and a telephone line. Upon connecting with the local ISPs, we can connect with every available computer on the internet.
There are certain other advantages of the internet such as video conferencing, telemarketing, telemedicine, call centers, VOIP and web conferencing. Advance education and new research was not available so fast to everyone before the internet. The communication on the internet is carried out by a device known as a router. A router is a communication device which has a built inn routing table and with this routing table the destinations of the data is determined. Routing on the internet is a method of communication that uses physical address, selection of the gateway and the numerical address of the computer or routers.
Technically, internet is consisting of a large number of the interconnected autonomous systems. The most commonly used protocols by the routers are RIP and OSPF. Both the packet switching and IP networks provide the way, which routing protocols use for the communication on the internet. There are certain dedicated computers on the internet that are available online 24 hours and provide certain types of services. Internet also facilitates us for online bookings in the airlines and trains. Many companies uses internet as a medium to connect with the other private networks of the same company. Many universities and colleges use internet to form their private intranet, in which only authorized persons can access the private resources of an organization or university.
Finally, internet is a largest learning and information sharing portal on this planet in which many people from all over the world get connected with each other at the same time and can communication in a number of ways.
Source:www.networktutorials.info/internet_tutorial.html
Introduction to Computer Network Protocols
The word protocol is derived from the Greek word “protocollon” which means a leaf of paper glued to manuscript volume. In computer protocols means a set of rules, a communication language or set of standards between two or more computing devices. Protocols exist at the several levels of the OSI (open system interconnectivity) layers model. In the telecommunication system, there are one more protocols at each layer of the telephone exchange. On the internet, there is a suite of the protocols known as TCP/IP protocols that are consisting of transmission control protocol, internet protocol, file transfer protocol, dynamic host configuration protocol, Border gateway protocol and a number of other protocols.
In the telecommunication, a protocol is set of rules for data representation, authentication, and error detection. The communication protocols in the computer networking are intended for the secure, fast and error free data delivery between two communication devices. Communication protocols follow certain rules for the transmission of the data.
Protocols Properties
Different protocols perform different functions so it is difficult to generalize the properties of the protocols. There are some basic properties of most of the protocols.
• Detection of the physical (wired or wireless connection)
• Handshaking
• How to format a message.
• How to send and receive a message.
• Negotiation of the various connections
• Correction of the corrupted or improperly formatted messages.
• Termination of the session.
The widespread use of the communication protocols is a prerequisite to the internet. The term TCP/IP refers to the protocols suite and a pair of the TCP and IP protocols are the most important internet communication protocols. Most protocols in communication are layered together where the various tasks listed above are divided. Protocols stacks refer to the combination of the different protocols. The OSI reference model is the conceptual model that is used to represent the protocols stacks. There are different network protocols that perform different functions. Following is the description of the some of the most commonly used protocols.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
Hypertext transfer protocol is a method of transmitting the information on the web. HTTP basically publishes and retrieves the HTTP pages on the World Wide Web. HTTP is a language that is used to communicate between the browser and web server. The information that is transferred using HTTP can be plain text, audio, video, images, and hypertext. HTTP is a request/response protocol between the client and server. Many proxies, tunnels, and gateways can be existing between the web browser (client) and server (web server). An HTTP client initializes a request by establishing a TCP connection to a particular port on the remote host (typically 80 or 8080). An HTTP server listens to that port and receives a request message from the client. Upon receiving the request, server sends back 200 OK messages, its own message, an error message or other message.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol)
In computing, e-mail clients such as (MS outlook, outlook express and thunderbird) use Post office Protocol to retreive emails from the remote server over the TCP/IP connection. Nearly all the users of the Internet service providers use POP 3 in the email clients to retrieve the emails from the email servers. Most email applications use POP protocol.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is a protocol that is used to send the email messages between the servers. Most email systems and email clients use the SMTP protocol to send messages to one server to another. In configuring an email application, you need to configure POP, SMTP and IMAP protocols in your email software. SMTP is a simple, text based protocol and one or more recipient of the message is specified and then the message is transferred. SMTP connection is easily tested by the Telnet utility. SMTP uses the by default TCP port number 25
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
FTP or file transfer protocol is used to transfer (upload/download) data from one computer to another over the internet or through or computer network. FTP is a most commonly communication protocol for transferring the files over the internet. Typically, there are two computers are involved in the transferring the files a server and a client. The client computer that is running FTP client software such as Cuteftp and AceFTP etc initiates a connection with the remote computer (server). After successfully connected with the server, the client computer can perform a number of the operations like downloading the files, uploading, renaming and deleting the files, creating the new folders etc. Virtually operating system supports FTP protocols.
IP (Internet Protocol)
An Internet protocol (IP) is a unique address or identifier of each computer or communication devices on the network and internet. Any participating computer networking device such as routers, computers, printers, internet fax machines and switches may have their own unique IP address. Personal information about someone can be found by the IP address. Every domain on the internet must have a unique or shared IP address.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
The DHCP or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a set of rules used by a communication device such as router, computer or network adapter to allow the device to request and obtain and IP address from a server which has a list of the larger number of addresses. DHCP is a protocol that is used by the network computers to obtain the IP addresses and other settings such as gateway, DNS, subnet mask from the DHCP server. DHCP ensures that all the IP addresses are unique and the IP address management is done by the server and not by the human. The assignment of the IP addresses is expires after the predetermined period of time. DHCP works in four phases known as DORA such as Discover, Observe, Request and Authorize
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
The Internet Message Access Protocol known as IMAP is an application layer protocol that is used to access to access the emails on the remote servers. POP3 and IMAP are the two most commonly used email retrieval protocols. Most of the email clients such as outlook express, thunderbird and MS outlooks support POP3 and IMAP. The email messages are generally stored on the email server and the users generally retreive these messages whether by the web browser or email clients. IMAP is generally used in the large networks. IMAP allows users to access their messages instantly on their systems.
ARCNET
ARCNET is a local area network technology that uses token bus scheme for managing line sharing among the workstations. When a device on a network wants to send a message, it inserts a token that is set to 1 and when a destination device reads the message it resets the token to 0 so that the frame can be used by another device.
FDDI
Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) provides a standard for data transmission in a local area network that can extend a range of 200 kilometers. The FDDI uses token ring protocol as its basis. FDDI local area network can support a large number of users and can cover a large geographical area. FDDI uses fiber optic as a standard communication medium. FDDI uses dual attached token ring topology. A FDDI network contains two token rings and the primary ring offers the capacity of 100 Mbits/s. FDDI is an ANSI standard network and it can support 500 stations in 2 kilometers.
UDP
The user datagram protocol is a most important protocol of the TCP/IP suite and is used to send the short messages known as datagram. Common network applications that uses UDP are DNS, online games, IPTV, TFTP and VOIP. UDP is very fast and light weight. UDP is an unreliable connectionless protocol that operates on the transport layer and it is sometimes called Universal Datagram Protocol.
X.25
X.25 is a standard protocol suite for wide area networks using a phone line or ISDN system. The X.25 standard was approved by CCITT now ITU in 1976.
TFTP
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a very simple file transfer protocol with the very basic features of the FTP. TFTP can be implemented in a very small amount of memory. TFTP is useful for booting computers such as routers. TFTP is also used to transfer the files over the network. TFPT uses UDP and provides no security features.
SNMP
The simple network management protocol (SNMP) forms the TCP/IP suite. SNMP is used to manage the network attached devices of the complex network.
PPTP
The point to point tunneling protocol is used in the virtual private networks. PPP works by sending regular PPP session. PPTP is a method of implementing VPN networks.
OTHER PROTOCOLS
VTP, ARP, IPX, OSPF, RARP, NFS, BOOTP, NNTP, IRC, RADIUS, Soap, Telnet, RIP, SSH.
Source:www.networktutorials.info/protocols_stacks.html
System Administration Tips
Here you will learn some basic network administration tips, how to secure your computer network, basic troubleshooting guide, it management tools, security measures and basic network troubleshooting tips. The administration of a computer network is a very responsible task of the network administrators. There are certain administration tips if followed, the management becomes easy. Being a network administration you should know the basic network technologies such as TCP/IP, Ethernet, cabling system, basic network hardware, software, directory services and some basic network troubleshooting techniques.
Always document your network resources and configurations such as network hardware and software inventory, computers, basic network configurations, logon scripts. Also take a complete backup of your server’s data and manage the resources of network server in such as way that simultaneous access to the server does not affect the performance of the server.
Keep your network software inventory up to date and assure that you have these utilities such as data recovery tools, backup utilities, troubleshooting tools, TCP/IP ports and performance monitoring tools and up-to-date antivirus software
Make your network administrator’s password complex and also train an assistant network administrator. Keep an up-to-dated network security tool such as GFI LanGuard, which can prevent your network from any kind of internet or external security attack. Put a strict restriction in the server room and only authorized persons should be allowed to enter in the server room. Regularly take back of your critical data on other hard disks and write backup data on the CDs. After installing and configuring your server, take an image of your whole hard disk, with a good utility such as Norton Ghost. Always get ready an updated disaster recovery and fault tolerance plans. Do not leave the serve room unattended there must be someone responsible person present every time in the server room. Besides these general tips I have also provided list of the information tips
Following are the basic tips for administering a computer network.
1. If you are preparing a new system, make sure that you are using the best installation source such as an installation CD. After installing the operating system, also install up-to-date antivirus program such as Norton antivirus, Trend Micro, McAfee, Panda Antivirus or any other antivirus program of your choice.
2. After completing the installation process of all the networking computers, test your network for the performance, speed and security.
3. Keep your network design simple and segment your network in different sections so that it would be easy to isolate a faulty component of the network.
4. Regularly upgrade your network computers with the latest antivirus definitions, software patches and other security measures.
5. Purchase a planned hardware for your network and make a documentation of your hardware and software inventory.
6. Only install the required software applications on your server and networking computers. Any kind of unauthorized software or web based application can become source of viruses and other malicious codes from the internet.
7. Define network IP address, crate user accounts, create user material and keep the resources closer to the user.
8. Train your IT staff as well as all the users and warn them about any unauthorized activities.
9. Administer the access to the internet and put a tight security restriction on the unauthorized internet usage and block all the unwanted ports and web based application access.
10. Secure your gateway computer or proxy server as much as possible because gateway is directly exposed to the internet.
11. Mirror your hard disk.
12. Structure your network.
13. Being a network administrator, always research and test new network technologies and trends.
Also you must know the basic network technologies and troubleshooting tips. Do research and make a plan before setting up a network for your organization or clients. Always fill your resource kit with the data recovery software, backup utilities, up-to-dated antivirus programs, cable testers, cable cutter, cable connectors and other network security and troubleshooting tools. Also, keep yourself upgraded with the latest networking knowledge networking certifications such as MCSE, CCNA, CCNP, Network+, and Server+. Share your knowledge with your colleagues, IT managers and also reply the various networking troubleshooting and management related questions in the different forums on the internet. Hopefully this tutorial will provide you the basic understanding and insight of how to administer a computer network.
Source:www.networktutorials.info/admin_tips.html
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