Telecom Surplus Resources stocks a variety of outside plant cabinets which can be used for wireless applications, battery storage or using DLC and DSLAM equipment. We have cabinets with air conditioning units, internal cooling fans and thermo-electronic cooling units for various weather conditions. Our cabinets will support equipment from Occam and Calix. We carry Emerson, Purcell, Lineage Power, AFC and Knurr cabinets.
Source:telecomsurplus.net/products.html
Showing posts with label Telecommunication Technologies. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Telecommunication Technologies. Show all posts
Thursday, June 17, 2010
Sunday, December 13, 2009
VoiceXML and CCXML
Voice Extensible Markup Language (VoiceXML) is an open standard extensible markup language that was developed to fulfill the increasing demand to create audio-based applications using open source standards. The main use of VoiceXML is the creation of interactive voice response (IVR) and automated speech recognition (ASR) applications using a web based model to retrieve content, manage voice services, and access speech engines and services within the network. VoiceXML based applications have proven to be at least 3 times faster in terms of application development as compared to traditional IVR proprietary tools (14-18 months vs 6-9 months to deployment with VXML), but most importantly, a VoiceXML written application can easily move from one VXML platform to another with minimal downtime.
Call Control is an important part for voice services as it allows manipulating voice conversations by bridging two users together or by separating them. Furthermore, it allows placing a user onto a dialog system, such as a VXML service. Enabling all these services can be achieved by the call control language, CCXML.
The Vision VoiceXML Server simplifies the technically challenging task of building interactive voice and video response applications by providing the key elements (e.g; VXML and CCXML) for rapid development of robust and dynamic applications that involve complex media processes. The Vision VoiceXML Server supports the VoiceXML language standard, as well as CCXML to control inbound and outbound dialing, call transfers, and conferencing.
Source:www.nmscommunications.com/DevPlatforms/Technologies/VoiceXMLandCCXML/default.htm
Call Control is an important part for voice services as it allows manipulating voice conversations by bridging two users together or by separating them. Furthermore, it allows placing a user onto a dialog system, such as a VXML service. Enabling all these services can be achieved by the call control language, CCXML.
The Vision VoiceXML Server simplifies the technically challenging task of building interactive voice and video response applications by providing the key elements (e.g; VXML and CCXML) for rapid development of robust and dynamic applications that involve complex media processes. The Vision VoiceXML Server supports the VoiceXML language standard, as well as CCXML to control inbound and outbound dialing, call transfers, and conferencing.
Source:www.nmscommunications.com/DevPlatforms/Technologies/VoiceXMLandCCXML/default.htm
SIP and VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is bringing about significant changes in the telecommunications industry with innovative services enabled by flexible and efficient packet transport. The convergence of IP networks and the PSTN has also led to a growing demand for circuit-based technology that is VoIP-ready.
Open Access Boards and Software
At the heart of today’s VoIP networks is the Session Initiation Protocol, which is increasingly used for interworking functions between network services, as well as for signalling between devices. NMS offers an extensive set of board and software components and voice coding technologies for developers designing SIP-based VoIP solutions.
The SIP API for Natural Access, based on the popular Natural Call Control API, allows developers to create applications that can easily operate in either the PSTN or VoIP domains, or both simultaneously.
The CG Series of boards offers scalable, high-performance development platforms for converged PSTN and IP telephony solutions, designed to meet the connectivity, flexibility, and performance requirements of new applications such as VoIP gateways and IP media servers.
PacketMedia HMP gives developers a comprehensive software-only solution on a standard x86-architecture computer for creating a wide range of powerful IP media server applications ranging from announcement servers to voicemail and more.
Vision Media Gateway
At the system level, NMS offers the Vision Media Gateway for network equipment providers, system integrators, and application developers seeking to connect their IP-based enhanced services to both PSTN and IP networks. The off-the-shelf Vision Media Gateway provides the interface between the PSTN and SIP-based service platforms, supporting applications such as network announcements, messaging, conferencing, self-service, voice portals, call centers, IP and mobile Centrex, and more.
The Vision Media Gateway provides PSTN network interfaces and signaling, as well as fully integrating gateway and call routing functions, such as splitting VoIP streams for ASR engines or IP call agents. The Media Gateway also includes a scriptable call routing engine that can perform call routing, eliminating the need for a separate media gateway controller or application server for simple applications.
Source:www.nmscommunications.com/DevPlatforms/Technologies/SIPandVoIP/default.htm
Open Access Boards and Software
At the heart of today’s VoIP networks is the Session Initiation Protocol, which is increasingly used for interworking functions between network services, as well as for signalling between devices. NMS offers an extensive set of board and software components and voice coding technologies for developers designing SIP-based VoIP solutions.
The SIP API for Natural Access, based on the popular Natural Call Control API, allows developers to create applications that can easily operate in either the PSTN or VoIP domains, or both simultaneously.
The CG Series of boards offers scalable, high-performance development platforms for converged PSTN and IP telephony solutions, designed to meet the connectivity, flexibility, and performance requirements of new applications such as VoIP gateways and IP media servers.
PacketMedia HMP gives developers a comprehensive software-only solution on a standard x86-architecture computer for creating a wide range of powerful IP media server applications ranging from announcement servers to voicemail and more.
Vision Media Gateway
At the system level, NMS offers the Vision Media Gateway for network equipment providers, system integrators, and application developers seeking to connect their IP-based enhanced services to both PSTN and IP networks. The off-the-shelf Vision Media Gateway provides the interface between the PSTN and SIP-based service platforms, supporting applications such as network announcements, messaging, conferencing, self-service, voice portals, call centers, IP and mobile Centrex, and more.
The Vision Media Gateway provides PSTN network interfaces and signaling, as well as fully integrating gateway and call routing functions, such as splitting VoIP streams for ASR engines or IP call agents. The Media Gateway also includes a scriptable call routing engine that can perform call routing, eliminating the need for a separate media gateway controller or application server for simple applications.
Source:www.nmscommunications.com/DevPlatforms/Technologies/SIPandVoIP/default.htm
SS7
Signaling System 7 (SS7), also known as C7, is the carrier signaling protocol used for call control and providing Intelligent Networking (IN) and Advanced IN (AIN) services. SS7 is often used for applications such as IP signaling gateways, wireless infrastructure, and a wide variety of in-network enhanced services, including voice and fax messaging, one-number/follow-me, number portability, and pre-paid services.
SS7 Boards and Software
Open Access SS7 hardware and software platforms provide developers and OEMs with a new level of call control and message redundancy for high availability options in the most demanding in-network applications. Our SS7 solution supports point code redundancy for true telco-grade high-availability applications with full chassis-level redundancy or board-level redundancy within a single chassis.
Our integrated SS7 protocol stack, working in combination with our TX Series hardware, offers switch-specific and high-availability extensions that meet worldwide telecom requirements. Our boards support ISUP, TUP, SCCP, TCAP, and either MTP layers 1, 2, and 3 for TDM connectivity or IP, SCTP, and M3UA (SIGTRAN) for IP network connectivity. These software stacks run on-board, freeing the host computer for applications-related activities. Protocols have been tested against the ETSI, ITU-T, and ANSI standards used in the major telephony markets and enable applications to interoperate with all major CO switches.
Source:www.nmscommunications.com/DevPlatforms/Technologies/SS7/default.htm
SS7 Boards and Software
Open Access SS7 hardware and software platforms provide developers and OEMs with a new level of call control and message redundancy for high availability options in the most demanding in-network applications. Our SS7 solution supports point code redundancy for true telco-grade high-availability applications with full chassis-level redundancy or board-level redundancy within a single chassis.
Our integrated SS7 protocol stack, working in combination with our TX Series hardware, offers switch-specific and high-availability extensions that meet worldwide telecom requirements. Our boards support ISUP, TUP, SCCP, TCAP, and either MTP layers 1, 2, and 3 for TDM connectivity or IP, SCTP, and M3UA (SIGTRAN) for IP network connectivity. These software stacks run on-board, freeing the host computer for applications-related activities. Protocols have been tested against the ETSI, ITU-T, and ANSI standards used in the major telephony markets and enable applications to interoperate with all major CO switches.
Source:www.nmscommunications.com/DevPlatforms/Technologies/SS7/default.htm
IMS
The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a standardized IP-based architecture that will allow the convergence of fixed and mobile communication devices, multiple network types, and multimedia applications. Using IMS, future applications will combine voice, text, pictures, and video in seamless call sessions, offering significant ease of use to subscribers and allowing service providers to drive branding through a common interface, while substantially reducing operating costs.
NMS offers decades of experience in the media processing and signaling space, SIP enabled handset technologies and web based development environments to developers and NEPs who want to participate in the IMS era. Today's media rich applications use products from NMS's Vision family and MG 7000A AdvancedTCA media processing blade, which will evolve with the latest IMS standards to enable end-to-end solutions for IMS based environments.
Source:www.nmscommunications.com/DevPlatforms/Technologies/IMS/default.htm
NMS offers decades of experience in the media processing and signaling space, SIP enabled handset technologies and web based development environments to developers and NEPs who want to participate in the IMS era. Today's media rich applications use products from NMS's Vision family and MG 7000A AdvancedTCA media processing blade, which will evolve with the latest IMS standards to enable end-to-end solutions for IMS based environments.
Source:www.nmscommunications.com/DevPlatforms/Technologies/IMS/default.htm
AdvancedTCA (ATCA)
The Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (AdvancedTCA or ATCA) is an open industry specification for building high-performance telecommunications and data communications systems. Developed by the PICMG consortium, AdvancedTCA is now poised to make considerable inroads into a market that has traditionally been dominated by vertically integrated proprietary systems.
The PICMG 3.0 Series of specifications for AdvancedTCA incorporates the latest trends in high-speed interconnect technologies, next-generation processors, and improved reliability, manageability, and serviceability. Specifically, the AdvancedTCA architecture:
• Meets the evolving needs of the communications network infrastructure
• Provides functionality required to implement rugged, highly available, network-quality systems
• Supports wireless, wireline, and optical network elements
• Provides high levels of service availability (99.999% or more) for the central office environment
• Offers scalable performance and capacity
• Reduces development time and total cost of ownership
• Features an open architecture and modular COTS components, sourced by a dynamic, interoperable, multi-vendor market
NMS and AdvancedTCA
For more than 20 years, NMS has been a leader in technology innovation and standardization, including AdvancedTCA. NMS has been actively involved in the development of the specification and in subsequent industry interoperability events. Building on this experience, NMS has shipped the first commercially available media processing blade — the MG 7000A. Featuring a powerful combination of high-speed IP packet handling, four Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, high-density DSP voice media processing power, and optional T1/E1/J1 interfaces, the MG 7000A is the perfect choice for a wide range of network-based applications including IP media servers and enhanced service platforms. Follow the links in the Related Information section below to learn more about the MG 7000A and AdvancedTCA.
Source:www.nmscommunications.com/DevPlatforms/Technologies/ATCA/default.htm
The PICMG 3.0 Series of specifications for AdvancedTCA incorporates the latest trends in high-speed interconnect technologies, next-generation processors, and improved reliability, manageability, and serviceability. Specifically, the AdvancedTCA architecture:
• Meets the evolving needs of the communications network infrastructure
• Provides functionality required to implement rugged, highly available, network-quality systems
• Supports wireless, wireline, and optical network elements
• Provides high levels of service availability (99.999% or more) for the central office environment
• Offers scalable performance and capacity
• Reduces development time and total cost of ownership
• Features an open architecture and modular COTS components, sourced by a dynamic, interoperable, multi-vendor market
NMS and AdvancedTCA
For more than 20 years, NMS has been a leader in technology innovation and standardization, including AdvancedTCA. NMS has been actively involved in the development of the specification and in subsequent industry interoperability events. Building on this experience, NMS has shipped the first commercially available media processing blade — the MG 7000A. Featuring a powerful combination of high-speed IP packet handling, four Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, high-density DSP voice media processing power, and optional T1/E1/J1 interfaces, the MG 7000A is the perfect choice for a wide range of network-based applications including IP media servers and enhanced service platforms. Follow the links in the Related Information section below to learn more about the MG 7000A and AdvancedTCA.
Source:www.nmscommunications.com/DevPlatforms/Technologies/ATCA/default.htm
3G-324M and IP Video
In the 3G mobile video market, both the de facto and the industry standard for communications between a mobile video-enabled handset and applications residing in the network are the same, namely the 3G-324M umbrella standard. 3G-324M, defined by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), comprises several sub protocols that provide the basis for creating applications, ensuring interoperability, and providing connectivity.
NMS Open Access framework provides the ideal enabling technology to meet the ever-increasing demand for scalable, cost-effective, mobile video solutions. Specifically, our Video Access products with the Software Video Transcoder facilitate a wide range of powerful video applications ranging from 3G-324M wireless video gateways to video messaging and streaming servers to manage video media adaptation within the network.
NMS Vision VoiceXML Server is also 3G enabled; included with the Vision VoiceXML server are extensions to the VXML language that support.3gp files.
Pioneering the field, NMS is a world leader in video-enabling technology for deployments by major wireless carriers in Asia and throughout the world. NMS actively promotes mobile video through industry speaking engagements and through our work with the International Multimedia Telecommunications Consortium (IMTC).
Source:www.nmscommunications.com/DevPlatforms/Technologies/3G324MVideo/default.htm
NMS Open Access framework provides the ideal enabling technology to meet the ever-increasing demand for scalable, cost-effective, mobile video solutions. Specifically, our Video Access products with the Software Video Transcoder facilitate a wide range of powerful video applications ranging from 3G-324M wireless video gateways to video messaging and streaming servers to manage video media adaptation within the network.
NMS Vision VoiceXML Server is also 3G enabled; included with the Vision VoiceXML server are extensions to the VXML language that support.3gp files.
Pioneering the field, NMS is a world leader in video-enabling technology for deployments by major wireless carriers in Asia and throughout the world. NMS actively promotes mobile video through industry speaking engagements and through our work with the International Multimedia Telecommunications Consortium (IMTC).
Source:www.nmscommunications.com/DevPlatforms/Technologies/3G324MVideo/default.htm
Tuesday, November 10, 2009
Technical Solutions for Business
At Integra, we not only respect our customers, but also realize that they form an integral part of our business. We have extensive customer interaction right from the project initiation stage to understand their business needs better. Our 'Technology Solutions for Business team identifies each business individually and understands its needs and requirements, and more importantly, proposes a personalized solution to suit its needs.
Our team is experienced in the latest technological advancements and blends them with integral business practices to create solutions for our customers.
To develop applications for various customers, in concurrence with their requirement, we use conventional methodologies such as the spiral model and also use i-Fi®, Integra’s exclusive methodology.
We offer services related to application software development in the following areas:
• Business Application Development
• Reengineering, Adaptation, Porting and Migration of applications
• Software Maintenance
• Internet/Intranet solutions as value creators for businesses
• Application Testing
Our technological expertise extends to various latest technologies like:
• Java/J2EE
• MicrosoftTechnologies
• COBOL, JCL
• MySQL, Oracle, MS SQL, PostgreSQL
• Web Services: .Net, AXIS
• Workflow solutions: MS BizTalk
• SOA Technologies
Finance and billing, banking applications and industrial automation are our key service domains in addition to telecom, document management and content management.
Source: www.integramicro.com/IMSS/techsolutions.htm
Our team is experienced in the latest technological advancements and blends them with integral business practices to create solutions for our customers.
To develop applications for various customers, in concurrence with their requirement, we use conventional methodologies such as the spiral model and also use i-Fi®, Integra’s exclusive methodology.
We offer services related to application software development in the following areas:
• Business Application Development
• Reengineering, Adaptation, Porting and Migration of applications
• Software Maintenance
• Internet/Intranet solutions as value creators for businesses
• Application Testing
Our technological expertise extends to various latest technologies like:
• Java/J2EE
• MicrosoftTechnologies
• COBOL, JCL
• MySQL, Oracle, MS SQL, PostgreSQL
• Web Services: .Net, AXIS
• Workflow solutions: MS BizTalk
• SOA Technologies
Finance and billing, banking applications and industrial automation are our key service domains in addition to telecom, document management and content management.
Source: www.integramicro.com/IMSS/techsolutions.htm
Imaging and Networking Services
Integra has a long track record of building solutions around document imaging technology. Since the early-90s, Integra has been involved in several high profile projects requiring processing of very large volumes of digital images using limited computing resources. The election ID card generation system is one example of such a system that captured data and generated over 80 million identity cards for the Election Commission of India.
Storage and retrieval of digitized signatures as a part of a bank account information is another area in which Integra has remained a leader. The ScanCom product has become the de facto standard for enabling terminal-based applications to display digital images along with the corresponding bank account information. The IDEA imaging toolkit was developed specifically for this purpose, and is now used in a variety of other applications that require image processing capability.
The expertise built up in imaging is of great relevance in today's world, where records and historical documents of many types are being converted into digital form. Managing such documents is another Herculean task, considering the volume of data and the need to be able to retrieve a document quickly. Integra has successfully developed and delivered jukebox management software, integrated with a document management system to address these needs.
Integra has thus consistently managed to come up with the right solutions to address the problems of a broad spectrum of businesses; those that need efficient and cost-effective systems to manage huge volumes of digital images and documents.
With this vast array of experience in the industry, Integra offers specialized services in software design, development and delivery to address document imaging and management needs of large businesses. Integra's services are sought after in situations where the available computing power is overwhelmed by the sheer volume of data; when producers and consumers of this data need new and innovative solutions to be able to continue to work with the data within the constraints of the existing technology.
Source: www.integramicro.com/IMSS/imagingnetworking.htm
Storage and retrieval of digitized signatures as a part of a bank account information is another area in which Integra has remained a leader. The ScanCom product has become the de facto standard for enabling terminal-based applications to display digital images along with the corresponding bank account information. The IDEA imaging toolkit was developed specifically for this purpose, and is now used in a variety of other applications that require image processing capability.
The expertise built up in imaging is of great relevance in today's world, where records and historical documents of many types are being converted into digital form. Managing such documents is another Herculean task, considering the volume of data and the need to be able to retrieve a document quickly. Integra has successfully developed and delivered jukebox management software, integrated with a document management system to address these needs.
Integra has thus consistently managed to come up with the right solutions to address the problems of a broad spectrum of businesses; those that need efficient and cost-effective systems to manage huge volumes of digital images and documents.
With this vast array of experience in the industry, Integra offers specialized services in software design, development and delivery to address document imaging and management needs of large businesses. Integra's services are sought after in situations where the available computing power is overwhelmed by the sheer volume of data; when producers and consumers of this data need new and innovative solutions to be able to continue to work with the data within the constraints of the existing technology.
Source: www.integramicro.com/IMSS/imagingnetworking.htm
Convergence Technology Services
Better speed, lower power consumption and enhanced functionality are the new watchwords of embedded systems in the current market scenario. Entertainment, information and communication are the essential features of any device in today’s world. Convergence technology has revolutionized the digital world and made it easier to work with embedded devices.
Integra visualizes this outlook and strives to build competence in the convergence space for the new generation applications that would play a vital part in the future market. Convergence in Integra emphasizes on the latest developments in the technology scenario and expertise in handling various embedded devices.
The technology focus of Integra in the convergence sector is in the areas of VoIP, IPTV, WiMAX, Biometrics, RFID, SIP, RTP and related protocols. Integra’s strong product development background and a strong understanding of networking and IP related protocols have backed its commitment towards convergence. Anticipating the market growth for convergence, Integra has initiated competency building in IP-based home devices in the areas of VoIP and IPTV. Integra’s aim is to build competency and develop competency in these areas, and associate with companies who are in the space of convergence and triple-play.
Integra strives to create devices and services that are
Performance enhanced
Reliable
Functional
Effective power consuming
Feature-rich
Less expensive
Current services in the convergence unit range from concept to product design, platform development, OS porting and consulting services provided in the consumer electronics domain in the areas of product design, application development and testing.
Source: www.integramicro.com/IMSS/convergencetech.htm
Integra visualizes this outlook and strives to build competence in the convergence space for the new generation applications that would play a vital part in the future market. Convergence in Integra emphasizes on the latest developments in the technology scenario and expertise in handling various embedded devices.
The technology focus of Integra in the convergence sector is in the areas of VoIP, IPTV, WiMAX, Biometrics, RFID, SIP, RTP and related protocols. Integra’s strong product development background and a strong understanding of networking and IP related protocols have backed its commitment towards convergence. Anticipating the market growth for convergence, Integra has initiated competency building in IP-based home devices in the areas of VoIP and IPTV. Integra’s aim is to build competency and develop competency in these areas, and associate with companies who are in the space of convergence and triple-play.
Integra strives to create devices and services that are
Performance enhanced
Reliable
Functional
Effective power consuming
Feature-rich
Less expensive
Current services in the convergence unit range from concept to product design, platform development, OS porting and consulting services provided in the consumer electronics domain in the areas of product design, application development and testing.
Source: www.integramicro.com/IMSS/convergencetech.htm
Telecom Technology Services
Telecom technology has been one of Integra’s focus areas right from its inception. Integra has years of experience in developing and maintaining telecom middleware solutions and solutions such as Push-To-Talk (PTT), Net Dispatch Messenger, Application Server Test Tool Framework and development for SIP and CDMA, applications for mobile phones and PDAs.
Integra also has the expertise to handle testing assignments, both onsite and offsite. Projects involving sub-system testing for CDMA infrastructure, testing and certification of GSM, GPRS, CDMA and 3G-based mobile handset for global market, system and usability testing of different features of mobile handsets, developing and maintaining test cases, testing the accessories of mobile handsets, and string validation in various languages are a few examples to cite. Integra has emerged as an expert in the areas of sanity/smoke testing, functional (features) and usability (feature interaction) testing, stress testing, regression testing, acceptance testing and creative testing, and has a total experience of testing of more than 50 models of mobile handsets of some of the major developers and marketers of mobile handsets.
Integra believes in testing a product from the user's perspective and lays emphasis upon creative testing wherein engineers are encouraged to think beyond the test cases so as to track hidden bugs in the device. The efforts put in this direction have helped our customers minimize the instances of product recall and this has not only boosted our confidence, but has also helped us become the preferred partners for our valued clients.
Integra has the experience and expertise to take up the integration of third-party software for the infrastructure as well as the terminal (handset) and provide end-to-end services to its clients. Integra also specializes in setting up offshore development and testing centres, and has been providing such services to some of the big players in the telecom domain.
Source: www.integramicro.com/IMSS/telecomtech.htm
Integra also has the expertise to handle testing assignments, both onsite and offsite. Projects involving sub-system testing for CDMA infrastructure, testing and certification of GSM, GPRS, CDMA and 3G-based mobile handset for global market, system and usability testing of different features of mobile handsets, developing and maintaining test cases, testing the accessories of mobile handsets, and string validation in various languages are a few examples to cite. Integra has emerged as an expert in the areas of sanity/smoke testing, functional (features) and usability (feature interaction) testing, stress testing, regression testing, acceptance testing and creative testing, and has a total experience of testing of more than 50 models of mobile handsets of some of the major developers and marketers of mobile handsets.
Integra believes in testing a product from the user's perspective and lays emphasis upon creative testing wherein engineers are encouraged to think beyond the test cases so as to track hidden bugs in the device. The efforts put in this direction have helped our customers minimize the instances of product recall and this has not only boosted our confidence, but has also helped us become the preferred partners for our valued clients.
Integra has the experience and expertise to take up the integration of third-party software for the infrastructure as well as the terminal (handset) and provide end-to-end services to its clients. Integra also specializes in setting up offshore development and testing centres, and has been providing such services to some of the big players in the telecom domain.
Source: www.integramicro.com/IMSS/telecomtech.htm
The Evolution of Telecom Technologies: Current Trends and Near-Future Implications
A number of case studies of developments in mobile and wireless telephony across the Irish border from a research team led by two of Ireland's leading specialists in information retrieval, data analysis and image and signal processing: Professor Fionn Murtagh of Queen's University Belfast and Dr John Keating of National University of Ireland Maynooth. The project was sponsored by eircom. Among the project's outcomes are:
The first comprehensive analysis of cross-border, 'roaming' and other mobile phone charges in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
The creation of a unique online system - www.B4Ucall.com - to allow consumers to monitor the cost of mobile phone calls on the island of Ireland.
A study of the benefits ( including cost savings) of developing telecardiology services throughout the island, thus facilitating remote diagnosis and therapy delivery for geographically remote patients and their GP's
An outline study of low cost, cross-border video-conferencing
Source: www.crossborder.ie/research/telecomtechhome.php
The first comprehensive analysis of cross-border, 'roaming' and other mobile phone charges in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
The creation of a unique online system - www.B4Ucall.com - to allow consumers to monitor the cost of mobile phone calls on the island of Ireland.
A study of the benefits ( including cost savings) of developing telecardiology services throughout the island, thus facilitating remote diagnosis and therapy delivery for geographically remote patients and their GP's
An outline study of low cost, cross-border video-conferencing
Source: www.crossborder.ie/research/telecomtechhome.php
SS7 Over IP
Service providers can cut costs with SS7oIP by offloading data traffic from SS7 networks onto IP networks. For example, Short Message Service (SMS) data is saturating GSM service providers' SS7 networks. SS7 Over IP enables wireless service providers to rapidly deploy emerging IP-based services for the mobile Internet that freely interact with the legacy mobile infrastructure.
SIGTRAN is the name given to an IETF working group that produced specifications for a family of protocols that provide reliable datagram service and user layer adaptations for SS7 and ISDN communications protocols . The most significant protocol defined by the SIGTRAN group was the Stream Control Transmission Protocol ( SCTP ) which uses the Internet Protocol (IP) as its network protocol.
SCTP is a reliable transport protocol operating on top of a potentially unreliable connectionless packet service such as IP. It offers acknowledged error-free non-duplicated transfer of datagrams (messages). Detection of data corruption, loss of data and duplication of data is achieved by using checksums and sequence numbers. A selective retransmission mechanism is applied to correct loss or corruption of data.
Benefits:
Ease of deployment: When using signaling gateways (such as access service group [ASG]), there is no need to disrupt the existing SS7 network, and future enhancements are transparent.
Less costly equipment: There is no need for further expensive investments in the legacy signaling elements.
Better efficiency: SIGTRAN over an IP network doesn't require the physical E1/T1 over synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) rings. Using new technologies like IP over SDH and IP over fiber, for instance, can achieve much higher throughput.
Higher bandwidth: SIGTRAN information over IP does not constrain to link capacity as it does in the SS7 network. The IP network is much more flexible than the TDM-based legacy network.
Enhanced services: Implementing a core IP network facilitates a variety of new solutions and value-added services (VAS).
RFCs
RFC 3286 -- An Introduction to the Stream Control Transmission Protocol
RFC 3257 -- Stream Control Transmission Protocol Applicability Statement
RFC 2960 -- Stream Control Transmission Protocol
RFC 3873 --Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Management Information Base (MIB)
RFC 3758 -- Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Partial Reliability Extension
RFC 3436 -- Transport Layer Security over Stream Control Transmission Protocol
Source: www.telecomspace.com/interworking-ss7oip.html
SIGTRAN is the name given to an IETF working group that produced specifications for a family of protocols that provide reliable datagram service and user layer adaptations for SS7 and ISDN communications protocols . The most significant protocol defined by the SIGTRAN group was the Stream Control Transmission Protocol ( SCTP ) which uses the Internet Protocol (IP) as its network protocol.
SCTP is a reliable transport protocol operating on top of a potentially unreliable connectionless packet service such as IP. It offers acknowledged error-free non-duplicated transfer of datagrams (messages). Detection of data corruption, loss of data and duplication of data is achieved by using checksums and sequence numbers. A selective retransmission mechanism is applied to correct loss or corruption of data.
Benefits:
Ease of deployment: When using signaling gateways (such as access service group [ASG]), there is no need to disrupt the existing SS7 network, and future enhancements are transparent.
Less costly equipment: There is no need for further expensive investments in the legacy signaling elements.
Better efficiency: SIGTRAN over an IP network doesn't require the physical E1/T1 over synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) rings. Using new technologies like IP over SDH and IP over fiber, for instance, can achieve much higher throughput.
Higher bandwidth: SIGTRAN information over IP does not constrain to link capacity as it does in the SS7 network. The IP network is much more flexible than the TDM-based legacy network.
Enhanced services: Implementing a core IP network facilitates a variety of new solutions and value-added services (VAS).
RFCs
RFC 3286 -- An Introduction to the Stream Control Transmission Protocol
RFC 3257 -- Stream Control Transmission Protocol Applicability Statement
RFC 2960 -- Stream Control Transmission Protocol
RFC 3873 --Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Management Information Base (MIB)
RFC 3758 -- Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Partial Reliability Extension
RFC 3436 -- Transport Layer Security over Stream Control Transmission Protocol
Source: www.telecomspace.com/interworking-ss7oip.html
Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP)
Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP) is the signaling protocol used in Intelligent Networking. Developed by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), IN is recognized as a global standard. Within the International Telecommunications Union, a total functionality of the IN has been defined and implemented in digestible segments called capability sets. The first version to be released was Capability Set 1 (CS-1). Currently CS-2 is defined and available. The CAMEL Application Part (CAP) is a derivative of INAP and enables the use of INAP in mobile GSM networks.
INAP is a signaling protocol between a service switching point (SSP), network media resources (intelligent peripherals), and a centralized network database called a service control point (SCP). The SCP consists of operator or 3rd party derived service logic programs and data.
Service Switching Point (SSP) is a physical entity in the Intelligent Network that provides the switching functionality. SSP the point of subscription for the service user, and is responsible for detecting special conditions during call processing that cause a query for instructions to be issued to the SCP.
The SSP contains Detection Capability to detect requests for IN services. It also contains capabilities to communicate with other physical entities containing SCF, such as SCP, and to respond to instructions from the other physical entities. Functionally, an SSP contains a Call Control Function, a Service Switching Function, and, if the SSP is a local exchange, a Call Control Agent Function. It also may optionally contain Service Control Function, and/or a Specialized Resource Function, and/or a Service Data Function. The SSP may provide IN services to users connected to subtending Network Access Points.
The SSP is usually provided by the traditional switch manufacturers. These switches are programmable and they can be implemented using multipurpose processors. The main difference of SSP from an ordinary switch is in the software where the service control of IN is separated from the basic call control.
Service Control Point (SCP) validates and authenticates information from the service user, processing requests from the SSP and issuing responses.The SCP stores the service provider instructions and data that direct switch processing and provide call control. At predefined points during processing an incoming or outgoing call, the switch suspends what it is doing, packages up information it has regarding the processing of the call, and queries the SCP for further instruction. The SCP executes user-defined programs that analyze the current state of the call and the information received from the switch. The programs can then modify or create the call data that is sent back to the switch. The switch then analyzes the information received from the SCP and follows the provided instruction to further process the call.
Functionally, an SCP contains Service Control Function (SCF) and optionally also Service Data Function (SDF). The SCF is implemented in Service Logic Programs (SLP). The SCP is connected to SSPs by a signalling network. Multiple SCPs may contain the same SLPs and data to improve service reliability and to facilitate load sharing between SCPs. In case of external Service Data Point (SDP) the SCF can access data through a signalling network. The SDP may be in the same network as the SCP, or in another network. The SCP can be connected to SSPs, and optionally to IPs, through the signalling network. The SCP can also be connected to an IP via an SSP relay function. The SCP comprises the SCP node, the SCP platform, and applications. The node performs functions common to applications, or independent of any application; it provides all functions for handling service-related, administrative, and network messages. These functions include message discrimination, distribution, routing, and network management and testing. For example, when the SCP node receives a service-related message, it distributes the incoming message to the proper application. In turn, the application issues a response message to the node, which routes it to the appropriate network elements. The SCP node gathers data on all incoming and outgoing messages to assist in network administration and cost allocation. This data is collected at the node, and transmitted to an administrative system for processing.
Intelligent Peripheral (IP) provides resources such as customized and concatenated voice announcements, voice recognition, and Dual Tone Multi-Frequencies (DTMF) digit collection, and contains switching matrix to connect users to these resources. The IP supports flexible information interactions between a user and the network. Functionally, the IP contains the Special Resource Function. The IP may directly connect to one or more SSPs, and/or may connect to the signalling network.
Service Management Point (SMP) performs service management control, service provision control, and service deployment control. Examples of functions it can perform are database administration, network surveillance and testing, network traffic management, and network data collection. Functionally, the SMP contains the Service Management Function and, optionally, the Service Management Access Function and the Service Creation Environment
Function. The SMP can access all other Physical Entities.
Conceptual model of the Intelligent Network :
The IN standards present a conceptual model of the Intelligent Network that model and abstract the IN functionality in four planes:
The Service Plane (SP): This plane is of primary interest to service users and providers. It describes services and service features from a user perspective, and is not concerned with how the services are implemented within the network.
The Global Functional Plane (GFP): The GFP is of primary interest to the service designer. It describes units of functionality, known as service independent building blocks (SIBs) and it is not concerned with how the functionality is distributed in the network. Services and service features can be realised in the service plane by combining SIBs in the GFP.
The Distributed Functional Plane (DFP): This plane is of primary interest to network providers and designers. It defines the functional architecture of an IN-structured network in terms of network functionality, known as functional entities (FEs). SIBs in the GFP are realised in the DFP by a sequence of functional entity actions (FEAs) and their resulting information flows.
The Physical Plane (PP): Real view of the physical network.The PP is of primary interest to equipment providers. It describes the physical architecture for an IN-structured network in terms of physical entities (PEs) and the interfaces between them. The functional entities from the DFP are realised by physical entities in the physical plane.
Services that can be defined with INAP include:
Single number service: one number reaches a local number associated with the service
Personal access service: provide end user management of incoming calls
Disaster recovery service: define backup call destinations in case of disaster
Do not disturb service: call forward
Virtual private network short digit extension dialing service
Advantages created by the IN architecture:
extensive use of information processing techniques;
efficient use of network resources;
modularization of network functions;
integrated service creation and implementation by means of reusable standard network functions;
flexible allocation of network functions to physical entities;
portability of network functions among physical entities;
standardised communication between network functions via service independent interfaces;
customer control over their specific service attributes;
standardised management of service logic.
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7-in.html
INAP is a signaling protocol between a service switching point (SSP), network media resources (intelligent peripherals), and a centralized network database called a service control point (SCP). The SCP consists of operator or 3rd party derived service logic programs and data.
Service Switching Point (SSP) is a physical entity in the Intelligent Network that provides the switching functionality. SSP the point of subscription for the service user, and is responsible for detecting special conditions during call processing that cause a query for instructions to be issued to the SCP.
The SSP contains Detection Capability to detect requests for IN services. It also contains capabilities to communicate with other physical entities containing SCF, such as SCP, and to respond to instructions from the other physical entities. Functionally, an SSP contains a Call Control Function, a Service Switching Function, and, if the SSP is a local exchange, a Call Control Agent Function. It also may optionally contain Service Control Function, and/or a Specialized Resource Function, and/or a Service Data Function. The SSP may provide IN services to users connected to subtending Network Access Points.
The SSP is usually provided by the traditional switch manufacturers. These switches are programmable and they can be implemented using multipurpose processors. The main difference of SSP from an ordinary switch is in the software where the service control of IN is separated from the basic call control.
Service Control Point (SCP) validates and authenticates information from the service user, processing requests from the SSP and issuing responses.The SCP stores the service provider instructions and data that direct switch processing and provide call control. At predefined points during processing an incoming or outgoing call, the switch suspends what it is doing, packages up information it has regarding the processing of the call, and queries the SCP for further instruction. The SCP executes user-defined programs that analyze the current state of the call and the information received from the switch. The programs can then modify or create the call data that is sent back to the switch. The switch then analyzes the information received from the SCP and follows the provided instruction to further process the call.
Functionally, an SCP contains Service Control Function (SCF) and optionally also Service Data Function (SDF). The SCF is implemented in Service Logic Programs (SLP). The SCP is connected to SSPs by a signalling network. Multiple SCPs may contain the same SLPs and data to improve service reliability and to facilitate load sharing between SCPs. In case of external Service Data Point (SDP) the SCF can access data through a signalling network. The SDP may be in the same network as the SCP, or in another network. The SCP can be connected to SSPs, and optionally to IPs, through the signalling network. The SCP can also be connected to an IP via an SSP relay function. The SCP comprises the SCP node, the SCP platform, and applications. The node performs functions common to applications, or independent of any application; it provides all functions for handling service-related, administrative, and network messages. These functions include message discrimination, distribution, routing, and network management and testing. For example, when the SCP node receives a service-related message, it distributes the incoming message to the proper application. In turn, the application issues a response message to the node, which routes it to the appropriate network elements. The SCP node gathers data on all incoming and outgoing messages to assist in network administration and cost allocation. This data is collected at the node, and transmitted to an administrative system for processing.
Intelligent Peripheral (IP) provides resources such as customized and concatenated voice announcements, voice recognition, and Dual Tone Multi-Frequencies (DTMF) digit collection, and contains switching matrix to connect users to these resources. The IP supports flexible information interactions between a user and the network. Functionally, the IP contains the Special Resource Function. The IP may directly connect to one or more SSPs, and/or may connect to the signalling network.
Service Management Point (SMP) performs service management control, service provision control, and service deployment control. Examples of functions it can perform are database administration, network surveillance and testing, network traffic management, and network data collection. Functionally, the SMP contains the Service Management Function and, optionally, the Service Management Access Function and the Service Creation Environment
Function. The SMP can access all other Physical Entities.
Conceptual model of the Intelligent Network :
The IN standards present a conceptual model of the Intelligent Network that model and abstract the IN functionality in four planes:
The Service Plane (SP): This plane is of primary interest to service users and providers. It describes services and service features from a user perspective, and is not concerned with how the services are implemented within the network.
The Global Functional Plane (GFP): The GFP is of primary interest to the service designer. It describes units of functionality, known as service independent building blocks (SIBs) and it is not concerned with how the functionality is distributed in the network. Services and service features can be realised in the service plane by combining SIBs in the GFP.
The Distributed Functional Plane (DFP): This plane is of primary interest to network providers and designers. It defines the functional architecture of an IN-structured network in terms of network functionality, known as functional entities (FEs). SIBs in the GFP are realised in the DFP by a sequence of functional entity actions (FEAs) and their resulting information flows.
The Physical Plane (PP): Real view of the physical network.The PP is of primary interest to equipment providers. It describes the physical architecture for an IN-structured network in terms of physical entities (PEs) and the interfaces between them. The functional entities from the DFP are realised by physical entities in the physical plane.
Services that can be defined with INAP include:
Single number service: one number reaches a local number associated with the service
Personal access service: provide end user management of incoming calls
Disaster recovery service: define backup call destinations in case of disaster
Do not disturb service: call forward
Virtual private network short digit extension dialing service
Advantages created by the IN architecture:
extensive use of information processing techniques;
efficient use of network resources;
modularization of network functions;
integrated service creation and implementation by means of reusable standard network functions;
flexible allocation of network functions to physical entities;
portability of network functions among physical entities;
standardised communication between network functions via service independent interfaces;
customer control over their specific service attributes;
standardised management of service logic.
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7-in.html
Mobile Application Part (MAP)
Mobile Application Part (MAP) messages sent between mobile switches and databases to support user authentication, equipment identification, and roaming are carried by TCAP. In mobile networks (IS-41 and GSM) when a mobile subscriber roams into a new mobile switching center (MSC) area, the integrated visitor location register requests service profile information from the subscriber's home location register (HLR) using MAP (mobile application part) information carried within TCAP messages.
The Mobile Application Part (MAP), one of protocols in the SS7 suite, allows for the implementation of mobile network (GSM) signaling infrastructure. The premise behind MAP is to connect the distributed switching elements, called mobile switching centers (MSCs) with a master database called the Home Location Register (HLR). The HLR dynamically stores the current location and profile of a mobile network subscriber. The HLR is consulted during the processing of an incoming call. Conversely, the HLR is updated as the subscriber moves about the network and is thus serviced by different switches within the network.
MAP has been evolving as wireless networks grow, from supporting strictly voice, to supporting packet data services as well. The fact that MAP is used to connect NexGen elements such as the Gateway GPRS Support node (GGSN) and Serving Gateway Support Node (SGSN) is a testament to the sound design of the GSM signaling system.
MAP has several basic functions:
* Mechanism for a Gateway-MSC (GMSC) to obtain a routing number for an incoming call
* Mechanism for an MSC via integrated Visitor Location Register (VLR) to update subscriber status and routing number.
* Subscriber CAMEL trigger data to switching elements via the VLR
* Subscriber supplementary service profile and data to switching elements via the VLR.
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7-map.html
The Mobile Application Part (MAP), one of protocols in the SS7 suite, allows for the implementation of mobile network (GSM) signaling infrastructure. The premise behind MAP is to connect the distributed switching elements, called mobile switching centers (MSCs) with a master database called the Home Location Register (HLR). The HLR dynamically stores the current location and profile of a mobile network subscriber. The HLR is consulted during the processing of an incoming call. Conversely, the HLR is updated as the subscriber moves about the network and is thus serviced by different switches within the network.
MAP has been evolving as wireless networks grow, from supporting strictly voice, to supporting packet data services as well. The fact that MAP is used to connect NexGen elements such as the Gateway GPRS Support node (GGSN) and Serving Gateway Support Node (SGSN) is a testament to the sound design of the GSM signaling system.
MAP has several basic functions:
* Mechanism for a Gateway-MSC (GMSC) to obtain a routing number for an incoming call
* Mechanism for an MSC via integrated Visitor Location Register (VLR) to update subscriber status and routing number.
* Subscriber CAMEL trigger data to switching elements via the VLR
* Subscriber supplementary service profile and data to switching elements via the VLR.
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7-map.html
ISDN User Part (ISUP)
ISUP (ISDN User Part) defines the messages and protocol used in the establishment and tear down of voice and data calls over the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and to manage the trunk network on which they rely. Despite its name, ISUP is used for both ISDN and non–ISDN calls. In the North American version of SS7, ISUP messages rely exclusively on MTP to transport messages between concerned nodes.
ISUP controls the circuits used to carry either voice or data traffic. In addition, the state of circuits can be verified and managed using ISUP. The management of the circuit infrastructure can occur both at the individual circuit level and for groups of circuits.
Services that can be defined using ISUP include: Switching, Voice mail, Internet offload. ISUP is ideal for applications such as switching and voice mail in which calls are routed between endpoints.
When used in conjunction with TCAP and SIGTRAN, ISUP becomes an enabler for Internet offload solutions in which Internet sessions of relatively long duration can be isolated from relatively brief phone conversations.
A simple call flow using ISUP signaling is as follows:
Call set up: When a call is placed to an out-of-switch number, the originating SSP transmits an ISUP initial address message (IAM) to reserve an idle trunk circuit from the originating switch to the destination switch. The destination switch rings the called party line if the line is available and transmits an ISUP address complete message (ACM) to the originating switch to indicate that the remote end of the trunk circuit has been reserved. The STP routes the ACM to the originating switch which rings the calling party's line and connects it to the trunk to complete the voice circuit from the calling party to the called party.
Call connection: When the called party picks up the phone, the destination switch terminates the ringing tone and transmits an ISUP answer message (ANM) to the originating switch via its home STP. The STP routes the ANM to the originating switch which verifies that the calling party's line is connected to the reserved trunk and, if so, initiates billing.
Call tear down: If the calling party hangs-up first, the originating switch sends an ISUP release message (REL) to release the trunk circuit between the switches. The STP routes the REL to the destination switch. If the called party hangs up first, or if the line is busy, the destination switch sends an REL to the originating switch indicating the release cause (e.g., normal release or busy). Upon receiving the REL, the destination switch disconnects the trunk from the called party's line, sets the trunk state to idle, and transmits an ISUP release complete message (RLC) to the originating switch to acknowledge the release of the remote end of the trunk circuit. When the originating switch receives (or generates) the RLC, it terminates the billing cycle and sets the trunk state to idle in preparation for the next call.
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7-isup.html
ISUP controls the circuits used to carry either voice or data traffic. In addition, the state of circuits can be verified and managed using ISUP. The management of the circuit infrastructure can occur both at the individual circuit level and for groups of circuits.
Services that can be defined using ISUP include: Switching, Voice mail, Internet offload. ISUP is ideal for applications such as switching and voice mail in which calls are routed between endpoints.
When used in conjunction with TCAP and SIGTRAN, ISUP becomes an enabler for Internet offload solutions in which Internet sessions of relatively long duration can be isolated from relatively brief phone conversations.
A simple call flow using ISUP signaling is as follows:
Call set up: When a call is placed to an out-of-switch number, the originating SSP transmits an ISUP initial address message (IAM) to reserve an idle trunk circuit from the originating switch to the destination switch. The destination switch rings the called party line if the line is available and transmits an ISUP address complete message (ACM) to the originating switch to indicate that the remote end of the trunk circuit has been reserved. The STP routes the ACM to the originating switch which rings the calling party's line and connects it to the trunk to complete the voice circuit from the calling party to the called party.
Call connection: When the called party picks up the phone, the destination switch terminates the ringing tone and transmits an ISUP answer message (ANM) to the originating switch via its home STP. The STP routes the ANM to the originating switch which verifies that the calling party's line is connected to the reserved trunk and, if so, initiates billing.
Call tear down: If the calling party hangs-up first, the originating switch sends an ISUP release message (REL) to release the trunk circuit between the switches. The STP routes the REL to the destination switch. If the called party hangs up first, or if the line is busy, the destination switch sends an REL to the originating switch indicating the release cause (e.g., normal release or busy). Upon receiving the REL, the destination switch disconnects the trunk from the called party's line, sets the trunk state to idle, and transmits an ISUP release complete message (RLC) to the originating switch to acknowledge the release of the remote end of the trunk circuit. When the originating switch receives (or generates) the RLC, it terminates the billing cycle and sets the trunk state to idle in preparation for the next call.
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7-isup.html
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) defines the messages and protocol used to communicate between applications (deployed as subsystems) in nodes. It is used for database services such as calling card, 800, and AIN as well as switch-to-switch services including repeat dialing and call return. Because TCAP messages must be delivered to individual applications within the nodes they address, they use the SCCP for transport.
TCAP enables the deployment of advanced intelligent network services by supporting non-circuit related information exchange between signalling points using the SCCP connectionless service. TCAP messages are contained within the SCCP portion of an MSU. A TCAP message is comprised of a transaction portion and a component portion.
TCAP supports the exchange of non-circuit related data between applications across the SS7 network using the SCCP connectionless service. Queries and responses sent between SSPs and SCPs are carried in TCAP messages. For example, an SSP sends a TCAP query to determine the routing number associated with a dialed 800/888 number and to to check the personal identification number (PIN) of a calling card user. In mobile networks (IS-41 and GSM), TCAP carries Mobile Application Part (MAP) messages sent between mobile switches and databases to support user authentication, equipment identification, and roaming.
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7-tcap.html
TCAP enables the deployment of advanced intelligent network services by supporting non-circuit related information exchange between signalling points using the SCCP connectionless service. TCAP messages are contained within the SCCP portion of an MSU. A TCAP message is comprised of a transaction portion and a component portion.
TCAP supports the exchange of non-circuit related data between applications across the SS7 network using the SCCP connectionless service. Queries and responses sent between SSPs and SCPs are carried in TCAP messages. For example, an SSP sends a TCAP query to determine the routing number associated with a dialed 800/888 number and to to check the personal identification number (PIN) of a calling card user. In mobile networks (IS-41 and GSM), TCAP carries Mobile Application Part (MAP) messages sent between mobile switches and databases to support user authentication, equipment identification, and roaming.
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7-tcap.html
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
The Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) layer of the SS7 stack provides provides connectionless and connection-oriented network services and global title translation (GTT) capabilities above MTP Level 3. SCCP is used as the transport layer for TCAP-based services. It offers both Class 0 (Basic) and Class 1 (Sequenced) connectionless services. SCCP also provides Class 2 (connection oriented) services, which are typically used by Base Station System Application Part, Location Services Extension (BSSAP-LE). In addition, SCCP provides Global Title Translation (GTT) functionality.
The signaling connection control part (SCCP) provides two major functions that are lacking in the MTP. The first of these is the capability to address applications within a signaling point. The MTP can only receive and deliver messages from a node as a whole; it does not deal with software applications within a node.
While MTP network-management messages and basic call-setup messages are addressed to a node as a whole, other messages are used by separate applications (referred to as subsystems) within a node. Examples of subsystems are 800 call processing, calling-card processing, advanced intelligent network (AIN), and custom local-area signaling services (CLASS) services (e.g., repeat dialing and call return). The SCCP allows these subsystems to be addressed explicitly.
The signaling connection control part (SCCP) provides two major functions that are lacking in the MTP. The first of these is the capability to address applications within a signaling point. The MTP can only receive and deliver messages from a node as a whole; it does not deal with software applications within a node.
While MTP network-management messages and basic call-setup messages are addressed to a node as a whole, other messages are used by separate applications (referred to as subsystems) within a node. Examples of subsystems are 800 call processing, calling-card processing, advanced intelligent network (AIN), and custom local-area signaling services (CLASS) services (e.g., repeat dialing and call return). The SCCP allows these subsystems to be addressed explicitly.
The second function provided by the SCCP is Global Title translation, the ability to perform incremental routing using a capability called global title translation (GTT). GTT frees originating signaling points from the burden of having to know every potential destination to which they might have to route a message. A switch can originate a query, for example, and address it to an STP along with a request for GTT. The receiving STP can then examine a portion of the message, make a determination as to where the message should be routed, and then route it.
For example, calling-card queries (used to verify that a call can be properly billed to a calling card) must be routed to an SCP designated by the company that issued the calling card. Rather than maintaining a nationwide database of where such queries should be routed (based on the calling-card number), switches generate queries addressed to their local STPs, which, using GTT, select the correct destination to which the message should be routed. Note that there is no magic here; STPs must maintain a database that enables them to determine where a query should be routed. GTT effectively centralizes the problem and places it in a node (the STP) that has been designed to perform this function.
In performing GTT, an STP does not need to know the exact final destination of a message. It can, instead, perform intermediate GTT, in which it uses its tables to find another STP further along the route to the destination. That STP, in turn, can perform final GTT, routing the message to its actual destination.
Intermediate GTT minimizes the need for STPs to maintain extensive information about nodes that are far removed from them. GTT also is used at the STP to share load among mated SCPs in both normal and failure scenarios. In these instances, when messages arrive at an STP for final GTT and routing to a database, the STP can select from among available redundant SCPs. It can select an SCP on either a priority basis (referred to as primary backup) or so as to equalize the load across all available SCPs (referred to as load sharing).
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7-sccp.html
The signaling connection control part (SCCP) provides two major functions that are lacking in the MTP. The first of these is the capability to address applications within a signaling point. The MTP can only receive and deliver messages from a node as a whole; it does not deal with software applications within a node.
While MTP network-management messages and basic call-setup messages are addressed to a node as a whole, other messages are used by separate applications (referred to as subsystems) within a node. Examples of subsystems are 800 call processing, calling-card processing, advanced intelligent network (AIN), and custom local-area signaling services (CLASS) services (e.g., repeat dialing and call return). The SCCP allows these subsystems to be addressed explicitly.
The signaling connection control part (SCCP) provides two major functions that are lacking in the MTP. The first of these is the capability to address applications within a signaling point. The MTP can only receive and deliver messages from a node as a whole; it does not deal with software applications within a node.
While MTP network-management messages and basic call-setup messages are addressed to a node as a whole, other messages are used by separate applications (referred to as subsystems) within a node. Examples of subsystems are 800 call processing, calling-card processing, advanced intelligent network (AIN), and custom local-area signaling services (CLASS) services (e.g., repeat dialing and call return). The SCCP allows these subsystems to be addressed explicitly.
The second function provided by the SCCP is Global Title translation, the ability to perform incremental routing using a capability called global title translation (GTT). GTT frees originating signaling points from the burden of having to know every potential destination to which they might have to route a message. A switch can originate a query, for example, and address it to an STP along with a request for GTT. The receiving STP can then examine a portion of the message, make a determination as to where the message should be routed, and then route it.
For example, calling-card queries (used to verify that a call can be properly billed to a calling card) must be routed to an SCP designated by the company that issued the calling card. Rather than maintaining a nationwide database of where such queries should be routed (based on the calling-card number), switches generate queries addressed to their local STPs, which, using GTT, select the correct destination to which the message should be routed. Note that there is no magic here; STPs must maintain a database that enables them to determine where a query should be routed. GTT effectively centralizes the problem and places it in a node (the STP) that has been designed to perform this function.
In performing GTT, an STP does not need to know the exact final destination of a message. It can, instead, perform intermediate GTT, in which it uses its tables to find another STP further along the route to the destination. That STP, in turn, can perform final GTT, routing the message to its actual destination.
Intermediate GTT minimizes the need for STPs to maintain extensive information about nodes that are far removed from them. GTT also is used at the STP to share load among mated SCPs in both normal and failure scenarios. In these instances, when messages arrive at an STP for final GTT and routing to a database, the STP can select from among available redundant SCPs. It can select an SCP on either a priority basis (referred to as primary backup) or so as to equalize the load across all available SCPs (referred to as load sharing).
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7-sccp.html
Message Transfer Part (MTP)
The Message Transfer Part (MTP) layer of the SS7 protocol provides the routing and network interface capabilities that support SCCP, TCAP, and ISUP. Message Transfer part (MTP) is divided into three levels.
MTP Level 1 (Physical layer) defines the physical, electrical, and functional characteristics of the digital signaling link. Physical interfaces defined include E-1 (2048 kb/s; 32 64 kb/s channels), DS-1 (1544 kb/s; 24 64 kp/s channels), V.35 (64 kb/s), DS-0 (64 kb/s), and DS-0A (56 kb/s).
MTP Level 2 provides the reliability aspects of MTP including error monitoring and recovery. (MTP-2) is a signalling link which together with MTP-3 provides reliable transfer of signalling messages between two directly connected signalling points.
MTP Level 3 provides the link, route, and traffic management aspects of MTP. MTP 3, thus ensures reliable transfer of the signalling messages, even in the case of the failure of the signalling links and signalling transfer points. The protocol therefore includes the appropriate functions and procedures necessary both to inform the remote parts of the signalling network of the consequences of a fault, and appropriately reconfigure the routing of messages through the signalling network.
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7-mtp.html
MTP Level 1 (Physical layer) defines the physical, electrical, and functional characteristics of the digital signaling link. Physical interfaces defined include E-1 (2048 kb/s; 32 64 kb/s channels), DS-1 (1544 kb/s; 24 64 kp/s channels), V.35 (64 kb/s), DS-0 (64 kb/s), and DS-0A (56 kb/s).
MTP Level 2 provides the reliability aspects of MTP including error monitoring and recovery. (MTP-2) is a signalling link which together with MTP-3 provides reliable transfer of signalling messages between two directly connected signalling points.
MTP Level 3 provides the link, route, and traffic management aspects of MTP. MTP 3, thus ensures reliable transfer of the signalling messages, even in the case of the failure of the signalling links and signalling transfer points. The protocol therefore includes the appropriate functions and procedures necessary both to inform the remote parts of the signalling network of the consequences of a fault, and appropriately reconfigure the routing of messages through the signalling network.
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7-mtp.html
Signalling System #7 (SS7)
There are two essential components to all telephone calls. The first, and most obvious, is the actual content—our voices, faxes, modem data, etc. The second is the information that instructs telephone exchanges to establish connections and route the “content” to an appropriate destination. Telephony signaling is concerned with the creation of standards for the latter to achieve the former. These standards are known as protocols. SS7 or Signaling System Number 7 is simply another set of protocols that describe a means of communication between telephone switches in public telephone networks. They have been created and controlled by various bodies around the world, which leads to some specific local variations, but the principal organization with responsibility for their administration is the International Telecommunications Union or ITU-T.
Signalling System Number 7 (SS#7 or C7) is the protocol used by the telephone companies for interoffice signalling. In the past, in-band signalling techniques were used on interoffice trunks. This method of signalling used the same physical path for both the call-control signalling and the actual connected call. This method of signalling is inefficient and is rapidly being replaced by out-of-band or common-channel signalling techniques.
To understand SS7 we must first understand something of the basic inefficiency of previous signaling methods utilized in the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Until relatively recently, all telephone connections were managed by a variety of techniques centered on “in band” signaling.
A network utilizing common-channel signalling is actually two networks in one:
1. First there is the circuit-switched "user" network which actually carries the user voice and data traffic. It provides a physical path between the source and destination.
2. The second is the signalling network which carries the call control traffic. It is a packet-switched network using a common channel switching protocol.
The original common channel interoffice signalling protocols were based on Signalling System Number 6 (SS#6). Today SS#7 is being used in new installations worldwide. SS#7 is the defined interoffice signalling protocol for ISDN. It is also in common use today outside of the ISDN environment.
The primary function of SS#7 is to provide call control, remote network management, and maintenance capabilities for the inter- office telephone network. SS#7 performs these functions by exchanging control messages between SS#7 telephone exchanges (signalling points or SPs) and SS#7 signalling transfer points (STPs).
The switching offices (SPs) handle the SS#7 control network as well as the user circuit-switched network. Basically, the SS#7 control network tells the switching office which paths to establish over the circuit-switched network. The STPs route SS#7 control packets across the signalling network. A switching office may or may not be an STP.
SS7 Protocol layers:
The SS7 network is an interconnected set of network elements that is used to exchange messages in support of telecommunications functions. The SS7 protocol is designed to both facilitate these functions and to maintain the network over which they are provided. Like most modern protocols, the SS7 protocol is layered.
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7.html
Signalling System Number 7 (SS#7 or C7) is the protocol used by the telephone companies for interoffice signalling. In the past, in-band signalling techniques were used on interoffice trunks. This method of signalling used the same physical path for both the call-control signalling and the actual connected call. This method of signalling is inefficient and is rapidly being replaced by out-of-band or common-channel signalling techniques.
To understand SS7 we must first understand something of the basic inefficiency of previous signaling methods utilized in the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Until relatively recently, all telephone connections were managed by a variety of techniques centered on “in band” signaling.
A network utilizing common-channel signalling is actually two networks in one:
1. First there is the circuit-switched "user" network which actually carries the user voice and data traffic. It provides a physical path between the source and destination.
2. The second is the signalling network which carries the call control traffic. It is a packet-switched network using a common channel switching protocol.
The original common channel interoffice signalling protocols were based on Signalling System Number 6 (SS#6). Today SS#7 is being used in new installations worldwide. SS#7 is the defined interoffice signalling protocol for ISDN. It is also in common use today outside of the ISDN environment.
The primary function of SS#7 is to provide call control, remote network management, and maintenance capabilities for the inter- office telephone network. SS#7 performs these functions by exchanging control messages between SS#7 telephone exchanges (signalling points or SPs) and SS#7 signalling transfer points (STPs).
The switching offices (SPs) handle the SS#7 control network as well as the user circuit-switched network. Basically, the SS#7 control network tells the switching office which paths to establish over the circuit-switched network. The STPs route SS#7 control packets across the signalling network. A switching office may or may not be an STP.
SS7 Protocol layers:
The SS7 network is an interconnected set of network elements that is used to exchange messages in support of telecommunications functions. The SS7 protocol is designed to both facilitate these functions and to maintain the network over which they are provided. Like most modern protocols, the SS7 protocol is layered.
Source: www.telecomspace.com/ss7.html
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